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Toxicology: Mechanisms of Toxic Effects

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Questions and Answers

What is the outcome when the ultimate toxicant reacts with a host molecule, cell or tissue?

Immune response

Cellular repair

Enzymatic stimulation

Toxic injury (correct)

What type of compound is most likely to participate in covalent binding with a toxicant?

Lipophilic

Nucleophilic (correct)

Electrophilic

Hydrophobic

What is the result of covalent binding between a toxicant and a target molecule?

An adduct (correct)

A noncovalent interaction

An enzyme-substrate complex

A reversible bond

What is a potential consequence of covalent binding of toxicants to cellular proteins?

Inhibition of vital enzyme reactions Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction between toxicants and their targets involves the transfer of electrons?

Electron transfer Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of electrophilic compounds?

They are electron-seeking Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of covalent binding of toxicants to phospholipids?

Direct damage to cellular or organelle membranes or lipid peroxidation Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of an endogenous molecule that makes it a target for toxicants?

High reactivity and steric configuration Signup and view all the answers

What is a common target for reactive metabolites?

The enzyme that catalyzes their production Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis for the antithyroid effect of some nucleophilic xenobiotics?

Inhibition of thyroperoxidase Signup and view all the answers

What is required to conclusively identify a target molecule as being responsible for toxicity?

The ultimate toxicant reaching an effective concentration at the target site, and altering the target in a way that is mechanistically related to the observed toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of some xenobiotics on neurotransmitter receptors?

Inhibition of neurotransmitter receptors Signup and view all the answers