12 Questions
What is the outcome when the ultimate toxicant reacts with a host molecule, cell or tissue?
Toxic injury
What type of compound is most likely to participate in covalent binding with a toxicant?
Nucleophilic
What is the result of covalent binding between a toxicant and a target molecule?
An adduct
What is a potential consequence of covalent binding of toxicants to cellular proteins?
Inhibition of vital enzyme reactions
What type of interaction between toxicants and their targets involves the transfer of electrons?
Electron transfer
What is a characteristic of electrophilic compounds?
They are electron-seeking
What is the result of covalent binding of toxicants to phospholipids?
Direct damage to cellular or organelle membranes or lipid peroxidation
What is a characteristic of an endogenous molecule that makes it a target for toxicants?
High reactivity and steric configuration
What is a common target for reactive metabolites?
The enzyme that catalyzes their production
What is the basis for the antithyroid effect of some nucleophilic xenobiotics?
Inhibition of thyroperoxidase
What is required to conclusively identify a target molecule as being responsible for toxicity?
The ultimate toxicant reaching an effective concentration at the target site, and altering the target in a way that is mechanistically related to the observed toxicity
What is the effect of some xenobiotics on neurotransmitter receptors?
Inhibition of neurotransmitter receptors
Learn about the mechanisms of toxic effects, how toxicants interact with host molecules, cells, and tissues, and the different types of toxicants. Understand the secondary series of events leading to toxic injury and the role of metabolites and reactive species.
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