Toxicology II: Solvents

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Questions and Answers

Match the following terms related to solutions with their definitions:

Solvent = A substance that dissolves a solute. Solute = A substance that is dissolved in a solvent. Solution = A homogeneous mixture of solvent and solute. Solubility = The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.

Match the following types of solutions with an example of each:

Gas in Gas = Air (mixture of nitrogen and oxygen). Solid in Solid = Alloys (e.g., steel, brass). Gas in Liquid = Carbonated drinks (carbon dioxide in water). Liquid in Liquid = Vinegar (acetic acid in water).

Match the solvent properties to their description:

Lipophilicity = Affinity for lipids or fats; facilitates crossing biological membranes. Volatility = Tendency to vaporize; influences inhalation exposure. Molecular Size = Affects diffusion rates and absorption through barriers. Lack of Charge = Enhances the ability to cross cell membranes.

Match the following solvent types from the context with their defining characteristic:

Organic Solvents = Contain carbon atoms in their molecular structure. Inorganic Solvents = Do not contain carbon atoms. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) = Organic compounds that easily vaporize at room temperature. Ethers = Organic solvents that contain an ether group. Signup and view all the answers

Match the uses for the following organic solvents:

Degreasers = Used to remove oils, grease, and other contaminants from surfaces. Paints = Used as a medium for pigments and binders; allows for even application. Adhesives = Used to dissolve or disperse adhesive components, allowing for bonding. Aerosol Products = Used as propellants, helping to dispense the product as a spray. Signup and view all the answers

Match the effects to the solvent property:

Increasing Molecular Weight = Associated with increased lipophilicity. Decreasing Molecular Weight = Associated with increased volatility. Increased Lipophilicity = Implies a greater capacity to cross biological membranes. Increased Volatility = Implies that the substance will vaporize more readily. Signup and view all the answers

Match the routes of exposure to their effects in the body:

Inhalation = Rapid absorption due to the large surface area of the lungs. Dermal Contact = Absorption through the skin, leading to systemic effects. Ingestion = Absorption through the gastrointestinal tract, potentially leading to systemic toxicity. Injection = Direct entry into the body, completely bypassing the biological barriers. Signup and view all the answers

Match the solvent class and properties with examples:

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons = Hexane and pentane, often chlorinated. Aromatic Hydrocarbons = Benzene and toluene, from petroleum. Alcohols = Methanol and ethanol, polar solvents. Ketones = Acetone, used in nail polish remover. Signup and view all the answers

Match the determinant of toxicity to the solvent property:

Increased C-atoms = Generally more toxic. Unsaturated bonds = Generally more reactive and potentially damaging. Halogenation = Increases toxicity due to increased reactivity. Functional Groups = Determine reactivity and specific interactions with biological molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Match the descriptions with the conditions:

Acute Exposure = Associated with immediate and high-level exposure. Chronic Exposure = Associated with long-term and low-level exposure. Painter's Syndrome = Chronic Neurological damage due to prolonged solvent inhalation. Encephalopathy = Diffuse Brain damage or disease that can lead to neuropsychological dysfunctions. Signup and view all the answers

Match the symptoms with the conditions:

Headache = Pain felt in the head. Fatigue = Severe tiredness even after rest. Mood Disturbances = Significant changes in a person's emotional state. Sleep Disorder = Any chronic disruption of sleep patterns. Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms to their descriptions:

Neurasthenic Syndrome = Characterized by fatigue, headache, and irritability, linked to solvent exposure. Reversible Form = Condition may get better over a time period. Irreversible Form = Condition may not get better over a time period. Neuropsychological dysfunction = Impairment in cognitive, emotional, and/ or behavioral problems. Signup and view all the answers

Match these examples with a type of toxic exposure:

Inhalant Abuse = Deliberate inhalation of solvents for intoxicating effects. Occupational Exposure = Exposure to solvents in the workplace. Environmental Exposure = Exposure to solvents through contaminated air, water, or soil. Acute Exposure = Short-term exposure to high concentrations of solvents. Signup and view all the answers

Match the component and result of solvent toxicity:

Absorption = Process by which solvents enter the body. Distribution = Process by which solvents move around the body. Metabolism = Process by which the body breaks down solvents. Excretion = Process by which the body eliminates solvents. Signup and view all the answers

Match the toxicity components with properties:

Inhalation = High surface area which allows faster absorption into the alveoli, allowing the blood to quickly carry it around the body. Dermal Absorption = Rate is impacted by solvent concentration and how long the exposure occurs. Gastrointestinal Absorption = Rate is impacted by fat content and surface area of intestines. Elimination = Occurs mostly through the lungs and its effectiveness is impacted by blood:air PC. Signup and view all the answers

Match the term to the toxicity:

Hepatic First Elimination = Describes the extent to which a substance is removed from the blood following absorption via the gut. Pulmonary First Elimination = Fixed percentage exits through the pulmonary circulation. Albumin = Protein that binds to the drug, allowing it to spread throughout the plasma. Lipohilic Compounds = Collect in hydrophobic areas of molecules and tissue. Signup and view all the answers

Match the description with a sensitive population:

Children = Endogenous population where their cardiac output and respirations are higher. Elderly = Endogenous population that is has a lower gastrointestinal alcohol dehydrogenase. Athletes = Exogenous population where their ventilation and blood rates may influence sensitivity due to increased exercise. People who consume alcohol = Exogenous population where alcohol consumption may alter sensitivity due to CYP450 isozymes. Signup and view all the answers

Match the effect with the action:

Hydrophilic compounds = Dissolve in plasma. Lipohilic compounds = Binds to the plasma and collects in hydrophobic areas. P450 inducers = Increase detoxification of a solvent. P450 inhibitors = Can make compounds more toxic due to a blockage in metabolism. Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms on the left that apply to the article example:

East Palestine, Ohio = Town with where a train derailed and caused a toxic aftermath. Sore Throats and Headaches = Reported symptoms to the toxic release. Vinyl chloride = Carcinogen that will be released to make PVC plastic. Health Clinic = Service to help people talk issues with medical providers after the train crash. Signup and view all the answers

Match the symptoms to the potential health issue:

Long-term exposure = Linked to liver damage. Dizziness = Linked to acute exposure. Drowning = Linked to acute exposure. Headaches = Linked to acute exposure. Signup and view all the answers

Match the description to the appropriate age group:

Children = Endogenous population where their cardiac output and respirations are higher, resulting in a higher systemic absorption. Adults = Most diverse age group in terms of solvent reaction. Elderly = Endogenous population that is more sensitive to the CNS depressant effect from solvents. Adolescents = Most likely to get exposed to solvents through recreational abuse. Signup and view all the answers

Match the term and definition:

Hydrophilic = Water-loving; will dissolve in water more easily. Lipophilic = Fat-loving; will dissolve in fat tissues more easily. Organic Material = Contains carbon atoms, but not all compounds. Inorganic Material = Contains many minerals and metal ions, but not carbon. Signup and view all the answers

Match the class of material to characteristics:

Household Cleaners = Often a source of VOC, releasing toxins into the air. Paints = Can lead to chronic neurological impacts due to prolonged exposure. Aerosol Products = These products use chemicals to make products spray instead of liquid. Lubricants = Often a source of VOC, releasing toxins into the air. Signup and view all the answers

Match the processes with the actions:

Solvent Absorption = The extent of the tissue that can absorb solvents. Solvent Distribution = Process of how well a solvent spreads into a blood stream. Solvent Metabolism = How the liver breaks down the compounds or toxins to get rid of them. Solvent Excretion = Process for how the waste products are pulled from the blood and released. Signup and view all the answers

Match of the descriptions to the sensitive population:

Young People = More sensitive due to how much they metabolize and due to their respiration rates. The Sick = Will have impaired processes that can be impacted by the solvents. Unfit People = Impaired processes that are impacted by chemicals. Poor People = Unable to acquire the proper amount of proper nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

Match the effects on different systems:

CNS effects = Loss of sensation, memory, and cognitive abilities. Kidney damage = Increase amount of salt in the blood. Liver damage = Increase processing on an already troubled liver. Lung Effects = Impairs the exchange system. Signup and view all the answers

Match the different methods of exposure:

Long Exposure = Impairs the ability to think, hear, or feel. Short Exposure = Feeling dizzy, disoriented. Direct Contact = Skin and eye damage. Ingestion = Upset stomach, throwing up. Signup and view all the answers

Match the term to the properties:

Absorbs = Able to be taken up. Half-life = How long products spread during processes. Inhalation = The speed of the toxin spread into the exchange system... Receptor = Where the product binds. Signup and view all the answers

Match these exposure characteristics with a solvent process:

Lipids = Hydro-carbon based solvents will absorb into fatty system. Water based compounds = Solvents that have a charge will react with these. Air based contaminants = Will go in through the lung. Solvent that causes nausea = Will interact and cause gastro irritation. Signup and view all the answers

Match factors will increase or decrease solvency toxicity for the body:

Kidney Damage = Will prevent the ability to filter waste. Age = Will impact how well the system functions!. Heart Damge = With impacts how far the blood has to carry the solvent. Lung Damage = Impacts how well you can breathe to expelling solvent from the body. Signup and view all the answers

Match general types of VOCs to their best type of toxicity:

Lubricants = Increase fat soluble uptake. Plastic related production = Damage DNA and tissues. Paint = Damage to the CNS. Adhesives = Skin damage and respiratory damage. Signup and view all the answers

Match the examples with the type of reactions to body parts::

In contact = Skin cells that cause rash and peeling. Absorbed = Travels through the body and damaging organs. Waste System = Impairs the waste to release toxins causing organ damage. Respiratory System = Irritating the airway and preventing transfer of air and waste Signup and view all the answers

Match the exposure type with chemical use:

Intentionally inhaled = For fun or substance usage. Environmental Disaster = Chemical train derailed causing a toxic aftermath. Workers = Plastic production. Accidental Exposure = Industrial accidents Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with the process:

Kidney = Prevents the transfer of waste and toxin. CNS Damages = Neurological effects. Liver = Damage to the ability to remove and filtrate. Lungs = Imparts the exchange system with fluid and damage. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a solvent?

A substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.

General Rule for Solvents

A rule stating that variable lipophilicity increases as molecular weight increases and variable volatility decreases as molecular weight increases.