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Questions and Answers
What is the term for the largest dose of a substance that does not cause an adverse effect?
What is the term for the dose that causes the death of half the laboratory animals subjected to a toxic substance?
What is the term for the level of chemical exposure above which humans should not be exposed?
What is the main focus of Toxicology as a scientific discipline?
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What is the term for the interaction between a living organism and a substance or environmental factor?
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What is a characteristic of Corrosive Products?
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What is the term for the physiological reaction of the body to a chemical?
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What is the term for the capacity of a substance to produce deleterious effects on an organism?
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What is an example of a natural source of toxicants?
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What is the factor that determines the intensity of toxic action?
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Study Notes
What is Toxicology?
- Scientific discipline dealing with toxicants
- Focuses on properties, outcome, mode of action, and detection in various environments
- Examines toxics and their impact, understanding their properties and interactions within organisms
What is Toxic/Toxicant?
- A substance that produces a deleterious action on a living organism
- Capable of disrupting the normal functioning of a living organism
- Can come from natural sources (e.g., dust, pollen) or artificial sources (e.g., urea formaldehyde)
- Can have chemical or biological nature
Classification of Chemical Products
- Based on chemical nature, mechanism of toxic action, and other factors
- Types of products include:
- Corrosive products: cause destructive effects on living tissues
- Irritant products: induce itching, redness, and inflammation
- Sensitizing or allergenic products: elicit reactions in predisposed individuals
- Carcinogenic products: may cause cancer or increase its occurrence
- Mutagenic products: induce genetic mutations that can lead to cancer development
- Teratogenic products: can cause malformations in the embryo
What is Toxicity?
- Inherent capacity of a substance to produce deleterious effects on the organism
- Intensity of action depends on administered dose
- Key factors that influence toxic effects:
- Route of administration
- Duration and frequency of exposure
- Dose or concentration
- Increasing doses generally lead to an escalation in intensity and diversity of toxic effects
Key Concepts
- NOEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level): largest dose that does not cause an adverse effect
- LOAEL (Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level): lowest dose that causes an observable adverse effect
- LD50 (Lethal Dose 50): dose that causes the death of half the laboratory animals
- DNEL (Derived No-Effect Level): level of chemical exposure above which humans should not be exposed
- Exposure: interaction between a living organism and a substance or environmental factor
- Response: how the body physiologically reacts to a chemical
- Different toxic responses may arise from different routes of exposure, frequencies, and durations of exposure
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of toxicology, including the properties and effects of toxicants, and their impact on organisms and the environment.
