Toxicology and Poisoning Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Why are we studying toxicology?

To define toxicology-specific terminology

To understand the basic principles of diagnosis & treatment of toxicity

To apply understanding of resistance, tolerance and species differences in toxin metabolism to clinical scenarios

To explain the concepts/definitions of relativeness of toxicity, hazard, risk, resistance and tolerance (correct)

What is the 'relativeness' of the property of toxicity?

It varies depending on the species (correct)

It is solely determined by the chemical structure of the toxin

It is not relevant in toxicology studies

It is constant across different organisms

What are the learning objectives of the toxicology course?

To explain toxicology-specific terminology and concepts (correct)

To memorize the basic concepts of toxin metabolism

To understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of poisoning

To apply the basic principles of diagnosis and treatment of toxicity to clinical scenarios

Why do male rats get bladder cancer from saccharin artificial sweetener?

Rats have a high urine pH, protein and calcium phosphate levels that interact with the saccharin causing microcrystals which promote bladder cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is toxicology?

The study of the adverse effects of xenobiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is a xenobiotic?

A chemical found in an organism not expected to be present Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between poison and venom?

Poison is ingested, while venom is injected Signup and view all the answers

What is toxicosis?

The adverse health effects caused by exposure to a toxicant Signup and view all the answers

What caused Minamata disease?

Methylmercury release Signup and view all the answers

Why do vets study toxicology?

To recognize, diagnose, and treat poisonings for animal welfare, economics, ecosystem health, and implications in human health Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is mainly involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the lethal dose range for toxic substances, according to the European Commission categorization?

25-200 mg/kg Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is involved in phase I biotransformation of xenobiotics?

Cytochrome P450 (CYPs) Signup and view all the answers

What type of compounds can accumulate in fat stores and pose risks during acute nutritional stress?

Fat-soluble compounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of toxicodynamics?

Effects of xenobiotics and active metabolites on the animal's body Signup and view all the answers

Which route of exposure makes paraquat highly toxic?

Inhalation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of phase II biotransformation of xenobiotics?

Conjugation with hydrophilic molecules for excretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the lethal dose for very toxic substances, according to the European Commission categorization?

25 mg/kg Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of toxicokinetics?

Study of ADME at toxic doses Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of biotransformation involves synthetic reactions for excretion?

Phase II Signup and view all the answers

Where do phase I biotransformation reactions mainly occur?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of pharmacokinetics?

Study of ADME at pharmacologically relevant doses Signup and view all the answers

Which enzymes conjugate electrophiles and scavenge free radicals to reduce toxicity?

Glucuronosyl and glutathione transferases Signup and view all the answers

What can bioactivation of compounds like Crofton Weed Ageratina adenophora cause in horses?

Severe respiratory dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

What can rumen microflora convert L-tryptophan to in cattle, leading to lung damage in young animals?

3-methylindole Signup and view all the answers

What can induction of CYPs do in response to increased substrate?

Increase toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What impact can chronic alcohol intake have on enzymes like Alc. dehydrogenase and the Microsomal Ethanol Oxidising System?

Feminizing effects in males Signup and view all the answers

What can toxins do at a cellular level?

Cause DNA damage Signup and view all the answers

What can toxins affecting DNA cause?

Cell death and DNA damage Signup and view all the answers

What can explain organ vulnerability to toxins?

First port of call Signup and view all the answers

What can cyanide block in energy-dependent organs like the brain and heart?

Kreb’s citric acid cycle Signup and view all the answers

What do Foxgloves and digitalis cardiac glycosides affect?

Heart Signup and view all the answers

What do monensins affect in muscle?

Ion channels Signup and view all the answers

What is toxicity?

The property of being poisonous Signup and view all the answers

What is hazard?

The potential of an agent to cause an adverse effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the LD50 of salt (NaCl) in rats?

90g/kg Signup and view all the answers

What led to severe illness for the winner of the contest?

Drinking excessive amounts of water without urinating Signup and view all the answers

What can acute salt intoxication in pigs lead to?

Cerebral edema and brain swelling Signup and view all the answers

What is essential to life but can be toxic in large amounts?

Table salt (NaCl) Signup and view all the answers

What is Monensin?

A growth promotant Signup and view all the answers

What did the FCC launch an investigation into?

The potential violation of operating license terms by a radio station Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of toxicity?

The assimilation of a substance into an animal's body Signup and view all the answers

Why is quantitative ranking of toxicity essential?

To compare and assign risk to potential poisons Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to fatal cerebral edema in pigs?

Prolonged water deprivation followed by free access to water Signup and view all the answers

What is the essential property of a material to be hazardous?

Toxicity and likely encounter with the body Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Toxicology and Poisoning: Key Points

Humans develop a tolerance to saccharin due to increased levels of alcohol dehydrogenase induced by ethyl ethanol consumption
Western grey kangaroos can eat Gastrolobium spp containing fluoroacetate and survive, while Eastern grey kangaroos die, an example of tolerance
Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of xenobiotics, which are chemicals found in an organism not expected to be present
Xenobiotics may include toxins, drugs, pollutants, and are not necessarily harmful
Poison is a xenobiotic substance that causes detrimental effects in an organism
Venom is a xenobiotic injected to exert detrimental effects
Toxicity is a measure of the harmfulness of a xenobiotic, with materials having low, mild, or extreme toxicity
Toxicosis, intoxication, or poisoning is the adverse health effects caused by exposure to a toxicant
Toxicology deals with the identification, characterization, physical and chemical properties, fate in the body, biological effects, and treatment of poisons
Sources of xenobiotics include accidental exposures, deliberate misuse of drugs, plants, industry byproducts, and malicious poisoning
Minamata disease was caused by methylmercury release, resulting in mercury poisoning in Minamata Bay and the Shiranui Sea
Vets study toxicology to recognize, diagnose, and treat poisonings for animal welfare, economics, ecosystem health, and implications in human health

Toxicity and Hazard: Understanding Poisonous Substances

Jennifer Strange, a 28-year-old mother, died after participating in a radio station contest that involved drinking excessive amounts of water without urinating
The LD50 of salt (NaCl) is 90g/kg in rats, and excessive salt can lead to fatal cerebral edema
The "Hold Your Wee for a Wii" contest led to severe illness for the winner, prompting a wrongful death lawsuit against the radio station
The FCC launched an investigation into the radio station's potential violation of operating license terms
Toxicity is the property of being poisonous; a material must be toxic and likely to be encountered, eaten, inhaled, or come in contact with the body to be hazardous
Hazard is the potential of an agent to cause an adverse effect, increasing the probability of injury or loss
Table salt (NaCl) is essential to life but can be toxic in large amounts, especially in situations like drinking seawater with no access to fresh water
Acute salt intoxication in pigs, caused by prolonged water deprivation and subsequent free access to water, can lead to cerebral edema and brain swelling
Toxicity is defined as any substance that, when assimilated into an animal's body in sufficient amounts, has a deleterious effect on physiological functions
Quantitative ranking of toxicity is essential for comparing and assigning risk to potential poisons
Monensin, a coccidiostat and growth promotant, has varying toxicity levels across different species, with horses being over 70 times more susceptible than chickens
There are several systems for ranking toxicity, each with slightly different figures but all similar in essence

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Description

Test your knowledge of toxicology and poisoning with these quizzes covering key points and understanding poisonous substances. Explore topics such as xenobiotics, toxicity levels, poisonous substances, and real-life cases of toxicity.