Tourism Network and its components

• Tourism Network refers to the interconnected system of businesses, services, and organizations facilitating travel and tourism.
• This includes transportation, accommodations, attractions, and travel intermediaries.
• The travel industry is a tourism network with public and private sectors.

Three Main Components of the Tourism Industry

• Direct Components are businesses and services that directly interact with tourists.
• Transportation examples: airlines, railways, buses, car rentals, cruise lines.
• Accommodation includes hotels, resorts, hostels, and lodges.
• Food & Beverage contains restaurants, cafes, bars, and catering services.
• Attractions & Entertainment are theme parks, museums, cultural heritage sites, and concerts.
• Travel Agencies & Tour Operators organize tours, itineraries, and booking services.
• Direct tourism relies on indirect support services and tourism organizations to function smoothly.
• Indirect Components are industries and services that support tourism but do not directly interact with tourists.
• Indirect components ensure that tourism businesses can operate efficiently.
• Infrastructure & Utilities contains airports, roads, electricity, water supply, and telecommunication.
• Manufacturing & Retail examples: souvenirs, luggage, travel gear, and food production.
• Banking & Financial Services are foreign exchange, travel insurance, ATMs, and payment systems.
• Education & Training are hospitality schools, tourism management programs, and staff training.
• Government & Security Services are customs, immigration, and tourism safety.
• Indirect components provide the resources and support for the tourism industry to thrive.
• Tourism Development Organizations promote, regulate, and develop tourism.
• They ensure sustainable tourism growth, economic benefits, and cultural preservation.
• National Tourism Organizations (NTOs) example: Department of Tourism (DOT) in the Philippines.
• Local & Regional Tourism Boards example: Tourism Promotions Board (TPB) Philippines.
• International Organizations examples: World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA).
• Private Tourism Associations: Hotel and Restaurant Associations and Travel Agencies Associations.
• Tourism organizations create policies, promote destinations, and ensure industry standards.
• Tourism organizations provide funding, marketing, and sustainability initiatives.
• Tourism Development Organizations set policies, promote tourism, and fund infrastructure projects.
• Indirect Tourism Components provide support for the industry.
• Direct Tourism Components deliver services and experiences that attract and satisfy tourists.
• Supply components make a destination accessible, appealing, and capable of supporting tourism activities.
• This includes infrastructure, services, and natural or cultural attractions.

Main Tourism and Hospitality Supply Components

• Natural Resources include beaches, mountains, rivers, climate, and wildlife.
• These are the primary attractions that draw tourists to a destination.
• Infrastructure Resources are underground and surface developmental construction: roads, airports, bridges, telecommunications, and water supply.
• Superstructure Resources are above-ground facility services: hotels, restaurants, convention centers, and theme parks.
• Transportation Resources are the means by which tourists travel: air, sea, rail, and road transport.
• Hospitality Resources includes the cultural wealth of an area that allows hosting tourists.
• Examples of hospitality resources are welcoming employees and friendly residents.
• Hospitality Resources also includes hotels, restaurants, entertainment centers, and travel agencies.
• The tourism product is a combination of goods, services, and experiences offered to tourists.
• Includes everything a traveler pays for, consumes, and experiences during a trip.

Characteristics of Tourism Products

• Intangible: Cannot be seen, touched, or tested before purchase.
• Psychological: Creates emotions and personal experiences.
• Highly Perishable: Cannot be stored for future use. example: unsold plane ticket.
• Composite Product: Made up of multiple services combined, vacation packages.
• Unstable Demand: Demand fluctuates due to seasons, trends, or economic conditions.
• Fixed Supply in the Short Run: Supply cannot be quickly increased or adjusted based on demand.
• Absence of Ownership: Customers use the service but do not own it. example: hotels.
• Heterogeneous (Variable Quality): Service quality may vary due to human involvement.
• Risky: External factors and uncertainties can affect the experience.
• Marketable: Can be promoted and sold through branding, advertising, and marketing.
• Tourism products can be classified into Natural Tourism Products and Man-Made Tourism Products based on their origin and attraction type.

Natural Tourism Products

• Natural Tourism Attractions and experiences that naturally exist in the environment.
• They are often protected and conserved due to their ecological and cultural significance.
• Examples of Natural Tourism Products: Mountains & Hills, Beaches & Islands, Forests Reserves, Waterfalls, Caves & Rock Formations, Hot Springs & Geothermal Attractions, Coral Reefs & Marine Life
• Natural Tourism attracts tourists with landscapes, adventure, and relaxation.

Man-Made Tourism Products

• Man-Made Tourism attractions and experiences that are built, developed, or modified by humans to entertain, educate, or provide services to tourists.
• Examples of Man-Made Tourism Products: Cultural & Historical Sites, Theme Parks & Amusement Centers, Museums & Art Galleries, Religious & Pilgrimage Sites, Architectural Landmarks & Towers, Entertainment & Shopping Districts, Sporting & Event Venues, Resorts & Casinos
• Man-Made Tourism attracts tourists with significant cultural, entertainment, shopping, leisure activities, and world-famous events.

Key Differences Natural vs. Man-Made

• Origin: Naturally Occurring vs. Human-Created
• Examples include Mountains, beaches, forests vs. Theme parks, museums, monuments
• Natural tourism is nature-based vs. Man-made: culture, history, entertainment
• Sustainability requires conservation efforts vs. requires maintenance and innovation

Value Chain

• Tourism and hospitality includes the sequence of activities and services that add value to a traveler's experience.
• Involves stakeholders including businesses, government agencies, and local communities.
• This helps companies strengthen their competitive nature because of the multiplier effect.
• Listening to consumers can improve certain activities that might need improvement.

Components of Tourism Value Chain

• Pre-Trip Services (Planning & Booking): Travel agencies & tour operators, online booking platforms, Visa processing, insurance services, and currency exchange
• Transportation: Airlines, trains, buses, car rentals, and ride-sharing services Infrastructure like airports, ports, and highways.
• Accommodation & Hospitality Services: Hotels, resorts, hostels, Airbnbs, and serviced apartments, Restaurants, cafes, and catering services and Housekeeping, front office, and concierge services
• Tourism Activities & Attractions: Natural attractions, Cultural attractions, and Entertainment
• Retail & Souvenirs: Local markets, malls, duty-free shops, Handicrafts, cultural products, and specialty items
• Tourism Support Services: Tour guides, translators, customer service and Safety & security
• Post-Trip Services: Customer feedback and reviews and Marketing and loyalty programs

Tourism Stakeholders and Their Roles

• Tourism involves multiple stakeholders who work together.

• Each plays a unique role in the development, management, and sustainability of the industry.

• Government develops and implements tourism policies and regulations.

• Government promote tourism at the national and regional levels while ensuring safety, security, and sustainability.

• National governments concentrate of policy, promotion, investment and international realtions.

• Local Governments focus their efforts on destination management, regulations, community engagement and infrastructure

• Tourism Organizations & Operators plan, market, and operate tourism services.

• Tourism organizations promote and develop destinations while operators package and organize travel experiences.

• Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs) provide services like accommodations, food, souvenirs, and tour guiding.

• SMEs create jobs and contribute to local economies and offer authentic cultural experiences.

• Examples include boutique hotels, hostels, local restaurants and souvenir shops.

• Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) promote sustainable and responsible tourism.

• NGOs promote sustainable and responsible tourism while protecting natural and cultural heritage sites.

• NGOs also support community-based tourism and conservation efforts.

• World Wildlife Fund (WWF) – Protects wildlife and ecosystems and UNESCO - Preserves world heritage sites.

• Ecotourism Philippines – Supports sustainable tourism projects.

• Tourists drive demand for tourism services and attractions.

• Contribute to economies through spending, influence tourism trends and market demands.

• Types of Tourists include: Domestic, International, Leisure, business, adventure, and cultural tourists.

• Suppliers provide goods and services to tourism businesses.

• They help ensure quality and efficiency in hospitality and tourism operations.

• Food and beverage suppliers, souvenir suppliers, and equipment suppliers.

• Employees deliver customer service and ensure guest satisfaction.

• They maintain and operate tourism businesses while representing the industry.

• Educators train future tourism and hospitality professionals.

• The education field helps conduct research and develop policies for tourism growth.

• Utilities and Infrastructure develop and maintain essential services like water, electricity, and internet.

• Utilities ensures sustainable and efficient tourism operations improving access to tourism destinations.

• Transport Sector provides transportation for tourists to and within destinations.

• They help ensure safety, efficiency, and affordability in travel (Airlines, trains, buses, ferries, ride-sharing services).

• Communities serve as hosts and cultural representatives.

• They provide local goods, services, and experiences.

• They also benefit from tourism's economic impact while preserving heritage.

• The Department of Tourism (DOT) is responsible for developing, promoting, and regulating the tourism industry.

• Agencies under the Department of Tourism (DOT) include:

  • Tourism Promotions Board (TPB) handles domestic and international tourism.
  • Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA) develops tourism enterprise zones.
  • Intramuros Administration (IA) preserves and restores the historic district of Intramuros in Manila.
  • National Parks Development Committee (NPDC) maintains and manages national parks.
  • Philippine Commission on Sports Scuba Diving (PCSSD) regulates the scuba industry.
  • Duty-Free Philippines Corporation (DFPC) operates duty-free stores for international travelers.

International Tourism and Hospitality Organizations

• United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
• World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)
• International Air Transport Association (IATA)
• International Hotel & Restaurant Association (IH&RA)
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
• International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
• Asia Pacific Travel Association (PATA)
• ASEAN Tourism Association (ASEANTA)
• European Travel Commission (ETC)
• Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO)
• African Tourism Board (ATB)

National Tourism

• Department of Tourism (DOT) – Philippines
• Tourism Promotions Board (TPB)
• Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA)
• VisitBritain (UK)
• Japan National Tourism Organization (JNTO)

Hospitality and Travel

• International Hotel & Lodging Association (IHLA)
• American Hotel & Lodging Association (AHLA)
• Philippine Hotel Owners Association (PHOA)
• International Cruise Line Association (CLIA)
• Association of Travel Agents (ATA)

Tourism Slogans

• Fiesta Islands Philippines
• WOW Philippines (2002)
• Pilipinas Kay Ganda (2010)
• It's More Fun in the Philippines!
• Experience the Philippines (2017)
• We Give the World our Best (2023)
• Love the Philippines (2023)

Tourism Organizations in the Philippines

• Philippine travel Agencies Association (PTAA)
• The Hotel and Restaurant Association of the Philippines (HRAP)
• Tourism Educators of Schools, College, and Universities (TESCU)
• Council of Hotel and Restaurant Educators of the Philippines (COHREP)
• The Association of Administrator in Hospitality, Hotel and Restaurant Management Educational Institutions (AARMEI)

Tourism Organization in Negros Occidental

• Negros Occidental Tourism Division
• Hotel and Restaurant Association of Negros Occidental (HRANO) Each city has City Tourism Office