Tourism in the Philippines

Tourism Industry and Economy

• The ratio of tourism direct gross value added (TDGVA) to gross domestic product (GDP) averages 5.9% per year from 2000-2012.
• Total employment is increasing, averaging 10.6 from 2010-2012.
• Tourism creates 4.2 million jobs in 2012.
• The Philippines ranks 79th out of 136 countries.

Philippines Product Portfolio

• Nature
• Cultural
• Sun and Beach
• Cruise and Nautical
• Leisure and Entertainment
• MICE and Events
• Health, Wellness and Retirement
• Diving and Marine Sports
• Education
• Market-product analysis recommends prioritizing nine tourism products

Attractions

Immovable Tangible Heritage

• Includes 144 distinct ethno-linguistic groups like churches and UNESCO heritage sites.

Intangible Heritage

• Consists of oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, and festive events
• The Philippines has 7,641 islands.
  • Luzon is the political and economic center.
  • Manila ranks as the 11th most attractive city.
  • Visayas is known as the heart of the country's biodiversity, with Boracay as its best island.
  • Mindanao is a top climbing destination, featuring Mount Apo, its highest mountain.

Cuisines

• Filipino cuisine is the polymerization of 144 distinct cuisines.

Types of Tourism

• Beach and diving tourism are major tourist attractions.
• Hiking is a rising form of tourism.
• Research and education bring people to biodiversity sites in Philippine environmental corridors.
• Arts and crafts establish a cultural renaissance.
• Baguio became the first UNESCO creative city in 2016.
• Pilgrimage, the country is the Catholic pilgrimage capital of Asia.
• Fiesta is known as the traditional capital of world festivities.
• Wellness has doubled due to the rise of hilot

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

• There are 5 stage theory on motivations, cognitive and aesthetic needs
• Level 1: Physiological Needs are connected to gastronomy and accommodation.
• Level 2: Safety Needs reflect a location's character and social life risk of undesired pathological characters.
• Level 3 and 4: Social Needs relate to esteem connected with self-esteem or esteem from others.
• Level 5 and 6: Cognitive and Aesthetic Needs
  • Cognitive - knowledge and understanding local lifestyle, heritage, and traditions
  • Aesthetic - appreciation and search for beauty, balance and form
• Level 7: Self-actualization needs(self realization)

Plog's Psychographic Tourists Profile

• Classifies tourists based on personal characteristics, lifestyle, and values.
• Psychocentrics are concerned with their own affairs.
• Allocentrics are independent tourists seeking adventure.
• Mid-centrics represent the majority of tourists and occupy borders with psychocentrics and allocentrics.

Iso Aloha's Model of the Social Psychological of Tourism

• A two-dimensional leisure motivation theory includes escaping and seeking.
• Iso Aloha (1982) includes personal and interpersonal components.

Four Aspects of the Needs

• Escaping personal environment
• Escaping interpersonal environment
• Seeking intrinsic personal rewards
• Seeking intrinsic interpersonal rewards

Travel Motivations

• Motivations for travel and hospitality
• Focuses on self-transformation
• Understanding more about themselves

Tourism Motivations

• Nostalgia
• Increasing knowledge
• Health and entertainment
• Tourism time
• Tourism manner
• Tourism destination
• Tourism expense

Motivation to Travel

• The reason you do things; the force driving your efforts.
• Incentive - if you do something, you get something good.
• Fear - avoiding something bad, a feeling, experience, or situation.
• Achievement - satisfying something you’ve always wanted to do.
• Growth - becoming a better you is a noble goal.
• Power - make your own choices, not getting swept along in the flow, no one controlling you.
• Social engagement.
• Social acceptance - make meaningful connections with other people can still be motivating

6 key ideas behind theories of motivation

• Is a force that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.
• Motivations consist of 3 key elements: valence, instrumentality, and expectancy
  • valence refers to the value people place on the potential outcome
  • instrumentality refers to whether people believe that they have a role to play in the predicted outcome
  • expectancy is the belief that one has the capabilities to produce the outcome
• Instinct theory - People are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily programmed to do so.
• Incentive theory - People are motivated to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tension that is caused by unmet needs.
• Arousal theory - People take certain actions to either decrease or increase levels of arousal.
• Humanistic theory - People also have strong cognitive reasons to perform various actions.

Motivation, Needs, and Motives

• Needs, motives, and motivations are the engines of human conduct and the play fundamental part in the mechanics of tourism.
• Motivation exists when a person is capable of creating an impulse that leads to a need and will give a feeling of dissatisfaction until this need has been satisfied.

Five Layers of Maslow's Theory

• Physiological needs (hunger or thirst)
• Safety and security (shelter)
• Social needs, love and belonging
• Esteem (to be accepted and valued by others)
• Self-actualization

5 Layers of Holiday Motivations

• Relaxation
• Stimulation
• Social needs
• Self-esteem
• Self-realization

Motives and motivations

• Push and pull factors are commonly used
  • Pull factor is related to the search for travel motives tourists develop when selecting their holiday.
  • Push factors are normally related to a lack (and not so much of a deficiency).

Escape, Search, and Desire

• Profound changes in the way that place and time are experienced as a result of accelerated globalization have led to a new questioning of identity, the self and the place people take in this world
  • Escape - tourism can offer freedom from work and other time obligations
  • Search - inner feeling of wanting to learn about new things, further fueled by external pull factors
  • Desire - may about tangible matters

Tourist Motivations

• The factors in which influence a tourist to travel.

Push and Pull Motives

• Push factors are the motives that drive a tourist away from home.
• Pull factors are the motives that drive a tourist toward a destination.

Tourist Career Ladder

• Was identified by Pearce (1988).
• The more experience a tourist gained, the more likely motives were to change compared to a tourist with little experience.

The Decision-Making Process

• Woodside and Sherrell (1997) from their constructed framework.
  • Total set
  • Awareness set
  • Available set
  • Possible choices
  • Evoked set (positive set, inert set: neutral and inept set: negative)
  • Destination choice and selection
  • Influential factors to make tourism decision
• This is a process to collect, organize, and assess the information.

Environmental Perception

• Refers to the tourism information rooted in mind, the old information, and collected information.

Principle of Maximum Benefit

• The decision to travel will be made according to time spending on it.

Tourism Preference

• Refers to the human's impression based on their characters over reality.

Content of Tourism Decision

• Tourists are supposed to make a lot of decisions, any of them will take personal factors and will into consideration.

Decision Consultant

• Someone who the tourist will ask for suggestions before starting tourism.

Tourism Partners

• Might be focusing on the person's characters and personal demand.

Tourism Motivations

• The push and pull factors associated with travel and a destination.

The Senior Travel Market

• Old people mainly focus on tourism motivations and perception.

Activities in Tourism Industry

Tourism Related Activities

• Adventure travel - a type of niche

Types of Adventure Travel

• Accessible, a trend for developing tourism

• Culinary

• Cultural

• Act of traveling to place to see that location's culture, lifestyle of the people, history, art, architecture, religions, and other factors that shaped their way of life

• Disaster Tourism - traveling to a disaster area as a matter of curiosity

• Ecotourism

  • conserve the environment
  • protect the environment from detrimental impacts

• Ethno Tourism - visiting a foreign location for the sake of observing the indigenous members of its society

• Extreme Tourism - often overlap with extreme sport

• Jungle Tourism - rising subcategory of adventure travel

• Overland Travel - refers to an overland journey

• Urban Exploration

  • Often shortened as urbex or UE
  • Commonly referred to as infiltration

• Spiritual Tourism - activities done for spiritual pursuits

• Boat Tour

  • typically starting and ending in the same place

• Duck tours

  • purpose-built amphibious tour buses or military surplus

• Heritage Trails

  • walking trails and driving routes in urban and rural settings

• Long Distance Hiking (Walking Tours)

  • Long distance hikes

• Museum Tour

  • Art museums, natural museums, science museums, war museums and children's museums Types: architectural; archaeology; art; biographical; automobile; children's; design; diachronic; encyclopedic; ethnology or ethnographic; historic house; history; living history; maritime; medical; memorial; military and war; mobile; natural history; open-air; pop-up; science; specialized; virtual; zoological parks and botanic gardens

• Hotels and Restaurants

  • camping sites and other short-stay accommodation
  • bars and canteens

• Transport, Storage and Communication Land Transport

  • via railways
  • land transport
  • scheduled passengers
  • non-scheduled passengers

Water Transport

- sea and coastal water
- inland water

Air Transport

- scheduled air
- non-scheduled air

Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies

- activities of travel agencies
- tourist assistance activities

Financial Intermediation, Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities

- renting of machinery and equipment without operator
- goods
- renting of transport equipment
- renting of land transport equipment
- renting of water transport equipment
- renting of air transport equipment

Recreational, Cultural and Sporting Activities

• Motion picture, radio and tv

• Other entertainment

• Library, archives, museums, and cultural activities

• Museum activities and preservation of historical sites

• Botanical and zoological

• Sporting and other recreational

• Sporting activities

• Other recreational

• Primary Forest Trekking

  • Abound in the park and you could spend days trekking

• Cycling

  • Experience is by cycling through the forest

• Activities in South Africa

  • Legend golf and safari resort
    • Home of the extreme 19th
  • Entabeni safari conservancy
    • The place of the mountain
  • Zebra country lodge
    • Comfortable country living in a tranquil setting has nver been ore accessible and breathtakingly beautiful
    • Brenaissance wine and stud estate
      • Secluded beauty of the daevon valleyat the heart of the stellenbosch wineleands

• Whalesong hotel and spa

  • Renowned for its unique sceneray and moderate climate

• 3 swimmable beaches

  • Blue flag beach

• Zandvlakte nature reserve

  • The jewel of south africa's wilderness area

• Dugong beach lodge

  • Discover paradise on the east african seaboard

• Mogotlho safari lodge

  • Named after the majestic camel thorn trees of the area

• Everest base camp trekking

  • 16 days everest base camp trekking offers wonderful opportunities of countless mountains
  • View including top of the world “mt. everest”

Activities in Hospitality Industry

3 Categories of the Hospitality Industry

• Hospitality industry's backbone
• The business is comprised of customer service

Food and Beverage

• Symbiotically function as part of other businesses

Accommodations

• Offering lodging represent a broad segment of the hospitality industry

Travel and Tourism

• Encompasses Transportation

Economics

• three foremost categories of the hospitality industry
• dependent on a strong economy

4 Segments of the Hospitality Industry

• food and beverages travel and tourism, lodging, and recreation

1. Food and Beverages

• Fnb is the largest segment of the hospitality industry
• In hospitality, Fnb reigns supreme

2. Travel and tourism

• deal with services related to moving people from place o place
  • Leisure Travel: Person spends money on lodging, food and recreation while taking a vacation trip
  • Business Travel: A person travels for work and spends money on lodging and food

3. Lodging
   • A type of accommodation for a period or a place to sleep for once or more nights
4. Recreation
   • Any activity that people do for rest, relaxation, and enjoyment

• 4 sectors of the hospitality industry: fnb, lodging, recreation, and travel and tourism

Food and Beverage Activities

• Catering
  • The business of providing food service
• Bartender
  • Who formulates and serves alcoholic or soft drink beverages behind the bar
• Flairing
  • The practice of bartenders entertaining guests
• Baking
  • A method of cooking food that uses prolonged dry heat
• Bed-making
  • Arranging the bedsheets and other bedding on a bed, to prepare it for use

Characteristics of Tourism and Hospitality Sectors

• Intangibility: tourism products are services and are largely intangible with tangible, concrete elements.
• Limited Life-Span: tourism products cannot be stored, so unless consumed when planned, they are waste.
• Aggregability: products are formed by aggregating various products.
• Heterogeneity: the product being customized, any given trip will be different from any other
• Simultaneity of Production and Consumption: the human component in the provision of services is extremely important.