184 Questions
Which of the following is not a topic covered in Medical Surgical Nursing?
Cancer treatment
What is a common consequence of fluid and electrolyte imbalance?
Nausea and vomiting
Which condition can result from prolonged stress?
Chronic fatigue
What is a key role of inflammation in the body?
Promoting tissue repair
Which symptom is commonly associated with fatigue?
Decreased motivation
What is the primary reason for preventing infections in the hospital setting?
To improve patient outcomes
Which condition is characterized by an abnormal decrease in blood sodium levels?
Hyponatremia
What is the primary purpose of the inflammation process in the body?
To promote tissue healing
Which of the following is a potential consequence of chronic insomnia?
Impaired immune response
What is the primary role of stress in the development of ulcers?
Stress weakens the lining of the stomach
What is the term for the medical condition characterized by a sudden temporary loss of consciousness due to a lack of blood flow to the brain?
Syncope
Which of the following is a potential complication of an untreated infection that spreads to the bloodstream causing a systemic inflammatory response?
Sepsis
In medical terminology, what is the term for the abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues, leading to swelling?
Edema
Which of the following is a common symptom associated with inflammation that involves redness, heat, swelling, and pain in the affected area?
Erythema
What term is used to describe a state of physical or mental exhaustion resulting from prolonged exposure to stressful situations or demanding activities?
Burnout
What term is used to describe the body's response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain in the affected area?
Inflammation
Which electrolyte imbalance is characterized by abnormally high levels of potassium in the blood?
Hyperkalemia
What term is used to describe a sudden, temporary loss of consciousness due to a lack of blood flow to the brain?
Syncope
In the context of nursing, what is a common consequence of prolonged physical or emotional exertion resulting from demanding activities or stressful situations?
Fatigue
Which factor is known to contribute significantly to the development of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases?
Climate change
What term is used to describe the body's inability to regulate the balance of water, sodium, and other electrolytes?
Isotonic imbalance
Which of the following conditions is a severe form of an electrolyte imbalance characterized by abnormally low levels of potassium in the blood?
Hypokalemia
In the context of fatigue, what term is used to describe an overwhelming sense of exhaustion that is not relieved by rest or sleep?
Lethargy
Which term is used to describe a state of deep unconsciousness resulting from severe health conditions such as infection or trauma?
Coma
What is the term for the body's exaggerated response to a perceived threat or stressor, leading to chronic health issues?
Allostatic overload
Which of the following is a potential consequence of untreated inflammation that can lead to widespread organ failure and tissue damage?
Septic shock
In the context of medical-surgical nursing, what is the term for the body's excessive response to an injury or infection, leading to severe tissue damage and potential complications?
Sepsis
Which of the following electrolyte imbalances can result in cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and potential life-threatening complications?
Hypokalemia
What term is used to describe a severe condition in which the body loses the ability to regulate its core temperature, leading to a potentially fatal rise in body temperature?
Hyperthermia
In the context of medical-surgical nursing, which term refers to the altered mental status due to insufficient oxygen supply to the brain as a result of decreased blood flow?
Delirium
What term is used to describe an acute or chronic sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early?
Dysomnia
Which of the following electrolyte imbalances is characterized by excess sodium in the blood, leading to symptoms such as thirst, confusion, and muscle twitching?
Hypernatremia
What term describes the body's reaction to stress, involving the release of hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, which can have long-term effects on health?
Allostasis
In medical-surgical nursing, what is the term for the body's inability to maintain normal blood sugar levels, often leading to symptoms like excessive thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue?
Hyperglycemia
Which of the following is a common consequence of prolonged inflammation that can lead to tissue damage, scarring, and loss of function in affected areas?
Atrophy
Which of the following is a potential consequence of an untreated infection that spreads to the bloodstream causing a systemic inflammatory response?
Sepsis
In the context of medical-surgical nursing, what is the term for the body's inability to regulate the balance of water, sodium, and other electrolytes?
Hyponatremia
Which of the following conditions is characterized by an abnormal decrease in blood sodium levels?
Hyponatremia
In medical terminology, what is the term for the abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues, leading to swelling?
Edema
What term is used to describe a state of deep unconsciousness resulting from severe health conditions such as infection or trauma?
Coma
What is the primary responsibility of operating room nurses during a surgical procedure?
Assist during surgery
Why is perioperative asepsis crucial in the context of surgical procedures?
To prevent introduction of microorganisms
How do operating room nurses contribute to maintaining perioperative asepsis?
By following proper sterile techniques
Which practice is NOT part of maintaining perioperative asepsis?
Using non-sterile equipment
What is one key reason operating room nurses play a significant role in preventing infections during surgical procedures?
To maintain a sterile environment
In addition to preventing infections, what other critical role do operating room nurses play in ensuring safe and efficient surgeries?
Monitoring the patient's vital signs
What is the role of a scrub nurse during surgery?
Assisting in setting up the operating room
Which healthcare professional is responsible for administering pain medication care to patients before, during, and after surgery?
Nurse Anaesthetist
What is the primary responsibility of an anesthetist during an operation?
Administering anesthesia to the patient
What distinguishes a theatre nurse from a scrub nurse in terms of their roles?
Theatre nurses focus on different specialty areas, while scrub nurses assist during surgery.
Who is responsible for facilitating pain-free childbirth and leading intensive care units?
Anesthetist
What distinguishes the role of a surgeon from that of a nurse anaesthetist?
Nurse anaesthetists maintain anesthesia during surgery, while surgeons treat conditions requiring surgery.
What role does the scrub person play in the operating room?
Counting needles before and after surgery
What is the primary responsibility of an intra-operative nurse?
Caring for the patient during surgery
Why is instrumentation essential in medicine?
To diagnose, treat, and monitor patients effectively
What is a key responsibility of a pre-operative nurse?
Assessing patient's physical, psychological, and social status
Why is early mobilization important in post-operative care?
To prevent complications like blood clots
What is the primary focus of preventing complications in the operating room?
Improving patient outcomes
Why is operating room safety crucial for healthcare facilities?
To prevent staff injuries and ensure operational continuity
What is the significance of proactive safety measures during surgeries?
To prevent complications and improve patient outcomes
What is a crucial aspect of anesthesia management in surgery?
Ensuring proper surgical site infection prevention
How do hospitals aim to improve surgical safety?
By investing in technology to enhance surgical outcomes
What is the primary role of needle counting in surgeries?
To prevent any harm or complications from forgotten needles in the patient's body.
Why is thorough hand hygiene important in the operating room?
To reduce the risk of introducing infections during surgical procedures.
What is the main responsibility of a circulating nurse during surgical procedures?
Coordinating activities and addressing needs during surgery.
How does surgical scrubbing contribute to patient safety?
By reducing the risk of infections during surgical procedures.
What is the purpose of swabbing in medical settings?
To collect samples for testing and apply antiseptic solutions.
Why do healthcare professionals emphasize limiting traffic in and out of the operating room?
To reduce the risk of introducing contaminants into the operating room.
What is the significance of adhering to established protocols for infection prevention in the operating room?
To minimize risks, enhance patient outcomes, and maintain high standards of care.
Why is educating healthcare staff on infection control measures crucial for aseptic practices?
To reduce the risk of introducing contaminants into the operating room.
What does scrubbing refer to in the context of surgical procedures?
Thoroughly cleaning hands and forearms before surgery.
Which of the following hazards in the operating room is primarily associated with radiation exposure?
Physical hazards
What type of hazard in the operating room is related to blood-borne pathogens like HIV and hepatitis?
Biological hazards
Which staff member in the operating room theatre is responsible for monitoring the patient and handling specimens outside the sterile field?
Circulating nurse
What is a common physical injury hazard for surgical team members in the operating room?
Slips and falls due to wet floors
Which type of hazard in the operating room can lead to musculoskeletal disorders among staff?
Physical hazards
What is a common cause of surgical fires in the operating room?
Physical hazards
Which type of hazard in the operating room is related to stress, burnout, and teamwork challenges?
Psychological hazards
What is a potential consequence of falls due to spillage, cluttered walkways, and uneven surfaces in the operating room?
Head injuries
Which type of hazard in the operating room involves chemicals like anesthesia gases and cleaning solutions?
Physical hazards
In the context of patient safety incidents in an operating room, what can result in legal liability for a hospital?
Surgical fires causing patient burns
What is the primary responsibility of operating room nurses during surgical procedures?
Monitoring the patient's vital signs
Why is perioperative asepsis crucial in reducing the risk of surgical site infections?
Maintaining a sterile environment
What practice is NOT part of maintaining perioperative asepsis?
Reusing disposable equipment
Which of the following is a common consequence of prolonged inflammation that can lead to tissue damage?
Formation of scar tissue
What does perioperative asepsis aim to prevent in patients undergoing surgery?
Introduction of infections in the surgical site
Why do operating room nurses need to follow proper sterile techniques during the perioperative period?
To maintain perioperative asepsis and prevent infections
What is a key responsibility of a surgical nurse in the operating room?
Setting up the operating room for surgery
What distinguishes an anesthetist from a scrub nurse in their roles during surgery?
Administering anesthesia to patients
What specialized care does a nurse anesthetist provide to patients?
Monitoring biological functions during surgery
What is the primary function of an orderly in a healthcare setting?
Assisting with various interventions for medical and nursing staff
What is a crucial role of a surgeon in evaluating and treating conditions that may require surgery?
Physically changing the human body
What is the primary role of an intra-operative nurse?
Continuing assessment of the patient's physiologic and psychologic status
How do operating room nurses contribute to maintaining perioperative asepsis?
By performing thorough hand hygiene
What distinguishes a post-operative nurse from an intra-operative nurse?
Post-operative nurses care for patients recovering from surgery, while intra-operative nurses care for patients during surgery.
What is a key responsibility of a pre-operative nurse?
Assessing patient's physical, psychological, and social status
Which activity is associated with the prevention of complications in the operating room?
Early mobilization and physical therapy
'Who is an intra-operative nurse?' refers to a nurse who cares for patients during which specific period?
During the surgical procedure
What is a core focus of effective anesthesia management in surgery?
Administering an appropriate amount of anesthesia
'Prevention of Complications' in operating nursing rooms includes which of the following strategies?
Effective anesthesia management
'Health Hazards of Operating Nursing Room' focuses on ensuring the safety of whom primarily?
'Staff'
Which factor is NOT associated with preventing surgical incidents in hospitals?
Positive patient outcomes
What is a common physical injury hazard for surgical team members in the operating room?
Accidental cuts with surgical equipment
Which type of hazard in the operating room is related to ergonomic issues?
Biological hazards
What role does a circulating nurse play in the operating room environment?
Provide additional supplies and instruments during surgery
What is a significant risk associated with fire hazards in the operating room?
Staff burns and thermal damage
Which type of hazard in the operating room involves risks related to X-ray machines and surgical lasers?
Physical hazards
Why might a hospital face legal liability as a result of safety incidents in the operating room?
To be held responsible for injuries or deaths resulting from incidents
Which of the following is a psychological hazard faced by operating room staff?
Stress and burnout due to high-pressure work environments
What is a potential consequence of lack of adherence to established protocols for infection prevention?
High incidence of hospital-acquired infections
What can lead to musculoskeletal disorders among operating room staff?
Repetitive motions and awkward postures
Which type of hazard in the operating room is related to exposure to anesthesia gases?
Chemical hazards
Why is proper surgical scrubbing crucial in the operating room?
To prevent the spread of bacteria and maintain a sterile environment
What is the primary purpose of needle counting in surgeries?
To avoid leaving needles in the patient post-surgery
What is the key role of a circulating nurse during surgical procedures?
Overseeing the overall functioning of the operating room
Why do healthcare professionals emphasize limiting traffic in and out of the operating room?
To introduce contaminants and increase infection risks
What is a common use of swabbing in medical settings?
To apply medications to specific areas or collect samples for testing
How does adhering to established protocols for infection prevention benefit patients in the operating room?
By ensuring sterile equipment and surfaces
What is a critical aspect of ensuring a sterile environment in the operating room?
Limiting traffic to reduce contaminant introduction risks
Why is educating healthcare staff on infection control measures essential?
To ensure adherence to aseptic practices and enhance patient outcomes
What distinguishes the role of a scrub person from that of a circulating nurse in the operating room?
The scrub person directly participates in surgery procedures, while the circulating nurse oversees the overall functioning of the operating room.
What is a primary responsibility of a scrub person during surgical procedures?
Handling instruments and equipment directly involved in surgery procedures
What is the primary focus of operating room nursing?
Maintaining a sterile environment in the operating room
Why are operating room nurses responsible for perioperative asepsis?
To prevent the introduction of infectious microorganisms
What is a significant task within perioperative asepsis for operating room nurses?
Implementing strict infection control measures
How do operating room nurses contribute to the prevention of surgical site infections?
Maintaining strict infection control practices
What is a key requirement for maintaining perioperative asepsis in the operating room?
Adhering to proper hand hygiene practices
What is a crucial role played by operating room nurses in surgical procedures?
Monitoring patients' vital signs during surgery
What is the primary role of a scrub nurse during surgery?
Setting up the operating room for the patient
What distinguishes a theatre nurse from a scrub nurse in terms of their roles?
A theatre nurse focuses on perioperative care, while a scrub nurse hands tools to the doctor during surgery.
Which staff member in the operating room theatre is responsible for monitoring the patient and handling specimens outside the sterile field?
Circulating nurse
What is a key responsibility of a pre-operative nurse?
Preparing patients for anesthesia
What is the primary function of an orderly in a healthcare setting?
Assisting with various nursing and medical interventions
Who is a Nurse Anesthetist?
A nurse providing pain medication care before, during, and after surgery
Why is proper surgical scrubbing crucial in the operating room?
To reduce the risk of introducing infections during surgical procedures.
What is the primary purpose of needle counting in surgeries?
To prevent any harm or complications from forgotten needles.
What is the main responsibility of a circulating nurse in the operating room?
Addressing any needs that arise during surgery.
What role does swabbing play in maintaining cleanliness and sterility in medical settings?
Cleaning wounds or applying antiseptic solutions.
What is the primary focus of limiting traffic in and out of the operating room?
Reducing risk of introducing contaminants.
What distinguishes a scrub person's role from that of a circulating nurse in the operating room?
Participating directly in the surgery procedure.
Why do healthcare professionals emphasize thorough hand hygiene in the operating room?
To reduce the risk of introducing infections during surgical procedures.
What is a critical step in preventing the spread of bacteria during surgical procedures?
Using antiseptic solutions for swabbing.
What is essential about maintaining cleanliness and sterility of all surfaces and equipment in the operating room?
Minimizing risks, enhancing patient outcomes, and maintaining high standards of care.
Why do healthcare teams follow operating room protocols?
To minimize risks, enhance patient outcomes, and maintain high standards of care.
Which hazard in the operating room is primarily associated with radiation exposure?
Physical hazards
What is a common consequence of fluid and electrolyte imbalance among surgical team members in the operating room?
Cardiac arrhythmias
What is the primary responsibility of a circulating nurse during surgical procedures?
Monitoring patient condition during surgery
What distinguishes the role of an intra-operative nurse from other staff in the operating room theatre?
They work outside the sterile field during surgery
Which psychological hazard in the operating room is related to dealing with unforeseen patient harm?
Mentally coping with patient harm
What are some examples of physical hazards encountered by staff in the operating room?
Cuts, burns, falls, and head injuries
'Head injuries can occur in the operating room' due to what common physical hazard?
Slips and falls on wet floors
What is the primary role of a preoperative nurse?
Ensuring equipment availability for surgeries
What is a key responsibility of an intra-operative nurse?
Continuing physiologic and psychologic assessment of the patient during surgery
What is a critical aspect of preventing complications in the operating room?
Implementing effective anesthesia management
Which statement best describes the significance of adhering to established protocols for infection prevention in the operating room?
Maintaining a sterile environment for surgical procedures
Why is early mobilization important in post-operative care?
To prevent blood clots and muscle stiffness
What is a common hazard faced by operating room staff related to ergonomic issues?
Musculoskeletal disorders
What specialized care does a nurse anesthetist provide to patients?
Administering anesthesia during surgeries
What can lead to widespread organ failure and tissue damage if left untreated?
Excessive inflammation
What is a crucial aspect of ensuring a sterile environment in the operating room?
Limiting traffic in and out of the room
What is a potential consequence of chronic inflammation if left untreated?
Development of cardiovascular diseases
Which infection can be prevented through vaccinations and public health education?
COVID-19
What is the primary role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in pain management?
Reducing pain and inflammation
What can disrupt fluid and electrolyte balance leading to health issues like dehydration and seizures?
Certain medications like diuretics
Which infectious disease is caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes and can be prevented by controlling mosquito populations?
West Nile virus
What treatment modality is typically not recommended for managing chronic pain?
Surgery
What is a key preventive measure recommended by the CDC to reduce healthcare-associated infections in hospitals?
Regularly disinfecting hospital surfaces
Which of the following factors contributes significantly to the rapid spread of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases?
Climate change and global travel
What is one of the primary roles of inflammation in the body's response to injury or infection?
Attracting immune cells to the affected area
Which electrolyte imbalance can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and potentially life-threatening complications?
Low levels of potassium
Why is pain management a crucial aspect of healthcare?
To improve patient comfort and quality of life
What is the significance of maintaining proper fluid and electrolyte balance in the body?
To regulate bodily functions and support cellular activities
What is a commonly used approach to pain management according to the World Health Organization?
The analgesic ladder
What is the primary electrolyte imbalance characterized by abnormally high levels of sodium in the blood?
Hypernatremia
Which stress management technique involves consciously focusing on the present moment without judgment?
Mindfulness meditation
What is a key symptom of fluid volume deficit (FVD) that nurses should assess for in patients?
Hypotension
What is a potential consequence of prolonged insomnia if left untreated?
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Which electrolyte imbalance is characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood?
Hypocalcemia
What are signs that nurses should monitor for in patients to detect fluid volume excess?
Edema, neck vein distention, and adventitious breath sounds
Which is a potential cause that nurses should assess for in patients experiencing insomnia?
Pain
What is a non-pharmacologic approach that may be included in the treatment of insomnia?
Muscle relaxation techniques
Which symptom is a sign of electrolyte imbalances that nurses must monitor in patients?
Seizures
What role can nurses play in helping patients cope with stress?
Teaching stress reduction techniques
Which option correctly matches a symptom with the appropriate condition for monitoring by nurses?
Muscle weakness - Fluid volume deficit (FVD)
Study Notes
Operating Room Nursing
- Operating room nursing involves providing specialized care to patients before, during, and after surgical procedures.
- Operating room nurses work closely with surgeons, anesthesiologists, and other healthcare team members to ensure patient safety and well-being.
Perioperative Asepsis
- Perioperative asepsis refers to the practices and techniques used to maintain a sterile environment before, during, and after surgical procedures.
- It involves implementing strict infection control measures to prevent the introduction of microorganisms that could cause infections.
- Perioperative asepsis is crucial in reducing the risk of surgical site infections and ensuring patient safety.
Ways to Maintain Perioperative Asepsis
- Thorough hand hygiene by washing hands or using hand sanitizers.
- Wearing sterile gloves and gowns during procedures.
- Counting needles before and after surgery to ensure none are left inside the patient's body.
Instrumentation
- Instrumentation in medicine refers to the use of various tools and equipment during medical procedures to diagnose, treat, or monitor patients.
- These instruments are essential for healthcare professionals to perform surgeries, conduct tests, and provide care effectively.
Roles of Nurses in the Operating Room
- Preoperative nurse: assesses the patient's physical, psychological, and social status, prepares the patient for surgery, and implements nursing interventions.
- Intraoperative nurse: continues to assess the patient's physiological and psychological status, promotes safety and privacy, and prevents wound infections.
- Postoperative nurse: administers and records prescribed medications, changes dressings, inserts catheters, and monitors the patient for signs of infection.
Prevention of Complications
- Preoperative preparation
- Surgical techniques and strategies
- Effective anesthesia management
- Surgical site infection prevention
- Postoperative care
- Early mobilization and physical therapy
- Pain management
- Patient monitoring and follow-up
Health Hazards in the Operating Room
- Biological hazards: bacteria, viruses, blood-borne pathogens, and fungal infections
- Chemical hazards: anesthesia gases, cleaning solutions, disinfectants, lubricants, and adhesives
- Physical hazards: radiation, noise levels, thermal hazards, cuts, pricks, electrical shocks, and falls
- Ergonomic hazards: repetitive motions, awkward postures, forceful exertions, and poor lighting and ventilation
- Psychological hazards: stress, burnout, and PTSD
- Legal hazards: malpractice litigation and hospital liability
- Fire hazards: alcohol-based sanitizers, cleaners, drapes, and electrosurgical equipment
Personnel in the Operating Room
- Circulating nurse: prepares the operating room, monitors the patient and staff, and records the progress of the operation.
- Nurse anesthetist: provides pain medication care for patients before, during, and after surgery.
- Anesthesiologist: facilitates pain-free childbirth, resuscitates acutely unwell patients, runs chronic pain services, and leads intensive care units.
- Surgeon: evaluates and treats conditions that may require surgery, and physically changes the human body.
- Nursing student: a person training to be a nurse at a nursing school.
- Health orderlies: assist medical and nursing staff with various nursing and medical interventions.
- Scrub nurse: sets up the operating room, ensures all tools are sterile, and hands tools to the doctor during surgery.
Operating Room Protocols
- Guidelines for maintaining a sterile environment, preparing the operating room, handling instruments and equipment, preventing infections, and ensuring patient well-being.
- Examples of protocols include thorough hand hygiene, wearing sterile gloves and gowns, using sterile instruments and equipment, and proper disposal of waste.### Operating Room Nursing
- Operating room nursing involves providing specialized care to patients before, during, and after surgical procedures.
- Operating room nurses work closely with surgeons, anesthesiologists, and other healthcare team members to ensure the safety and well-being of patients throughout the surgical process.
- Responsibilities include preparing the operating room, assisting during surgery, monitoring the patient's vital signs, and providing post-operative care.
Perioperative Asepsis
- Perioperative asepsis refers to the practices and techniques used to maintain a sterile environment before, during, and after surgical procedures.
- It involves implementing strict infection control measures to prevent the introduction of microorganisms that could cause infections.
- Ways to maintain perioperative asepsis include:
- Thorough hand hygiene by washing hands or using hand sanitizers
- Wearing sterile gloves and gowns during procedures
- Selecting and passing instruments and supplies to the surgeon during operation (sometimes referred to as a scrub nurse)
Roles in the Operating Room
- Scrub Nurse:
- Specializes in perioperative care, providing care to patients before, during, and after surgery
- Sets up the operating room for the patient, ensures all tools are sterile and ready to go, hands tools to the doctor during surgery, and performs other duties inside the surgical room
- Circulating Nurse:
- Coordinates activities in the operating room
- Ensures the operating room is prepared
- Maintains a sterile environment
- Manages equipment and supplies
- Nurse Anesthetist:
- Provides pain medication care for patients before, during, and after surgery
- Administers medications to keep patients asleep or pain-free during surgery and constantly monitors every biological function of the patient's body
- Anaesthetist:
- Gives anaesthetics for surgical, medical, and psychiatric procedures
- Facilitates pain-free childbirth, resuscitates acutely unwell patients, runs chronic pain services, and leads intensive care units
- Surgeon:
- Evaluates and treats conditions that may require surgery or physically changing the human body
- Surgeries can be done to diagnose or treat disease or injury
Health Hazards in the Operating Room
- Biological Hazards: bacteria and viruses, blood-borne pathogens like hepatitis B and C, HIV, airborne pathogens like tuberculosis and MRSA, and fungal infections
- Chemical Hazards: anesthetic gases, cleaning solutions, disinfectants, lubricants, and adhesives
- Physical Hazards: radiation from X-ray machines, surgical lasers, ultrasound equipment, noise levels, and thermal hazards from heating and cooling equipment
- Ergonomic Hazards: repetitive motions, awkward postures, forceful exertions, and poor lighting and ventilation
- Psychological Hazards: stress and burnout due to the high-pressure nature of the work, PTSD and vicarious trauma, teamwork challenges, mentally and emotionally dealing with unforeseen patient harm
- Legal Hazards: surgical incidents can result in legal liability for the hospital, and may need to pay damages to affected parties### Operating Room Safety
- Biological hazards in the OR include bacteria, viruses, bloodborne pathogens (HIV, Hepatitis B and C), and airborne pathogens (TB, MRSA).
- Chemical hazards include anesthesia gases, cleaning solutions, disinfectants, and pharmaceuticals.
- Physical hazards include radiation from X-ray machines, surgical lasers, and thermal hazards from heating and cooling equipment.
- Ergonomic hazards include repetitive motions, awkward postures, forceful exertions, and poor lighting and ventilation.
- Psychological hazards include stress, burnout, PTSD, and vicarious trauma.
- Legal hazards can result in legal liability for hospitals, including malpractice litigation.
Circulating Nurse
- A circulating nurse is a registered nurse who prepares the operating room, monitors the patient and staff during surgery, and records the progress of the operation.
- Functions of a circulating nurse include providing additional supplies, assisting the surgical team, monitoring the patient's status, and handling specimens.
Instrumentation in Medicine
- Instrumentation in medicine refers to the use of various tools and equipment during medical procedures to diagnose, treat, or monitor patients.
- These instruments include surgical tools, diagnostic equipment, and monitoring devices.
Preoperative, Intraoperative, and Postoperative Nurses
- Preoperative nurses assess the patient's physical, psychological, and social status, prepare the patient for surgery, and ensure that all necessary equipment is available.
- Intraoperative nurses continue to assess the patient's physiological and psychological status, promote safety and privacy, and prevent wound infection.
- Postoperative nurses administer medications, change dressings, insert catheters, and monitor the patient's vital signs.
Prevention of Complications
- Preoperative preparation, surgical techniques, anesthesia management, surgical site infection prevention, postoperative care, early mobilization, and pain management can help prevent complications.
Healthcare Hazards
- Healthcare hazards include biological, chemical, physical, ergonomic, psychological, and legal hazards.
- These hazards can result in harm to patients, staff, and the facility, and can lead to legal liability and financial losses.
Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
- Examples include COVID-19, Ebola, Zika, MERS, SARS, West Nile virus, Lyme disease, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
- Preventive measures include vaccinations, public health education, disease surveillance, and the development of new antimicrobial therapies.
Inflammation
- Inflammation is a natural response to infection, injury, or tissue damage.
- Chronic inflammation can lead to health issues like cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.
- Treatments include NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and DMARDs, as well as lifestyle changes like a healthy diet and regular exercise.
Pain Management
- Pain can be acute or chronic, and can significantly impact a patient's quality of life.
- Treatments include prescription medications, regional nerve blocks, and alternative therapies like acupuncture, massage, and hypnotherapy.
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
- Fluid and electrolyte balance is crucial for maintaining optimal health.
- Electrolytes help regulate body function, including heart rate, nerve function, and muscle contraction.
- Treatment for electrolyte imbalances depends on the specific electrolyte involved and the underlying cause.
Test your knowledge on various topics in medical surgical nursing including infection process, preventing infection, inflammation, pain, and more. This quiz covers important areas such as emerging infectious diseases, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, insomnia, stress, fatigue, and fainting.
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