Topical Agents Overview
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Topical Agents Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary actions of topical drugs?

  • To act at the surface of application (correct)
  • To only provide superficial effects
  • To be absorbed into systemic circulation
  • To cause systemic toxicity

    • Topical compounds can only lead to beneficial effects.

    False

    Name one category of topical compounds based on their action.

    Protective agents, antimicrobial, or astringent compounds

    Talc is described as a very fine, white or grayish white, ________ powder.

    <p>crystalline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following properties is desirable for protective agents?

    <p>Insolubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following properties of talc with their descriptions:

    <p>Hydrous magnesium silicate = Chemical composition of talc Insoluble = Does not dissolve in water Softest mineral = Talc's hardness Odorless and tasteless = Sensory properties of talc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Talc can be absorbed in large amounts without any harmful effects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using protectives in topical applications?

    <p>They reduce mechanical friction and irritation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of the formation of a disulfide bridge in a sulfhydryl-containing protein?

    <p>It alters the conformation of the protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Halogenation reactions with hypochlorite are beneficial to the function of specific proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transition metal cations are known to interact with proteins as precipitating agents?

    <p>Cu(II), Ag(I), Zn(II), and Al(III)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen Peroxide Solution has a molecular weight of __________.

    <p>34.02</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Disulfide bridge = Alters protein conformation Halogenation = Destructive to protein function Protein precipitation = Interaction with metal ions Hydrogen Peroxide = Colorless liquid that decomposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes Hydrogen Peroxide Solution to decompose rapidly?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The interaction of metal ions with proteins is highly specific.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the chlorine atom in the halogenation reaction with proteins?

    <p>Substituting for hydrogen to produce changes in hydrogen bonding forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen Peroxide is unstable when _____________ and may decompose suddenly when heated.

    <p>exposed to light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to proteins when exposed to high concentrations of metal ions?

    <p>Ties up functional groups at the active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of silver ions on proteins?

    <p>Precipitation of both bacterial and human proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Silver nitrate's use as a topical agent does not cause any skin darkening.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition termed when there is a deposition of free silver below the epidermis?

    <p>argyria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Silver ions can act as a potent __________ in ophthalmic solutions to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum.

    <p>antibacterial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following uses with their descriptions:

    <p>Styptic action = Stops bleeding from small cuts by promoting blood coagulation Antiperspirant = Decreases the secretion of sweat Constricts mucous membranes = Reduces inflammation by limiting blood flow Silver nitrate ophthalmic solution = Prevents ophthalmia neonatorum in newborns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the toxicity of iodine when ingested in large quantities?

    <p>Corrosive action on the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iodine Tincture is less suitable for disinfecting wounds compared to Iodine Solution.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is usually administered to mitigate the effects of iodine toxicity?

    <p>Gastric lavage with a soluble starch solution or 5% sodium thiosulfate solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Povidone-Iodine is a complex of iodine with carrier ______ that acts as a solubilizing agent.

    <p>organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following iodine preparations with their primary use:

    <p>Iodine Tincture = Disinfect drinking water Iodine Solution = Application to wounds Povidone-Iodine = Application to sensitive areas Iodine Solutions = Topical antiseptics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major disadvantage of using Iodine Tincture on open tissue?

    <p>It causes irritation to open tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Silver Nitrate is only slightly soluble in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What colors do silver nitrate crystals develop when exposed to light and organic matter?

    <p>Gray or grayish black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Solutions of silver nitrate in concentrations between ______ and ______% are used as antibacterial agents.

    <p>0.5%, 1.0%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following silver nitrate properties with their description:

    <p>Solubility in water = Very soluble Color upon exposure = Gray or grayish black Behavior in alcohol = Sparingly soluble Behavior in boiling alcohol = Freely soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of calamine when applied to the skin?

    <p>To provide soothing and protective properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calamine is obtained by heating zinc carbonate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical reaction for the thermal decomposition of zinc carbonate?

    <p>ZnCO₃ → ZnO + CO₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calamine is used in dusting powders, ointments, and __________ for its soothing properties.

    <p>lotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes a substance that kills microorganisms outright?

    <p>Germicide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions:

    <p>Antiseptic = Inhibits growth of microorganisms on living tissues Disinfectant = Kills microorganisms on inanimate surfaces Sterilization = Removes all microorganisms from an object Bacteriostat = Inhibits the multiplication of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of action involves nonmetals and certain anions to exert oxidative action?

    <p>Oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disinfectants are safe for use on living tissues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one common chemical used in the oxidation mechanism of inorganic antimicrobial agents.

    <p>Hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term __________ refers to agents that do not kill microorganisms, but inhibit their growth.

    <p>bacteriostat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Topical Agents

    • Topical compounds are applied to the surface of the body.
    • They have a localized effect, but can be absorbed and cause systemic effects.
    • They are categorized into protective agents, antimicrobial agents, and astringent agents.

    Protective Agents

    • Protectives are insoluble and chemically inert.
    • They protect the skin from mechanical irritation.
    • They act as adsorbents, absorbing moisture and reducing friction.
    • They are typically used as powders, ointments, or suspensions.

    Talc

    • Talc is a hydrous magnesium silicate.
    • It is a very fine, white or grayish white, crystalline powder.
    • It is unctuous, adheres readily to the skin, and is free from grittiness.
    • It is odorless, tasteless, and insoluble in water, dilute acids, and dilute bases.
    • It has very low adsorptive properties.

    Calamine

    • Calamine is a topical protective.
    • It is obtained by calcining zinc carbonate.
    • It is used in dusting powders, ointments, and lotions for its soothing, adsorbent, and protective properties.

    Antimicrobial Agents

    • Antimicrobial agents prevent and reduce infections caused by microorganisms.
    • Antiseptics kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on living tissues.
    • Germicides kill microorganisms outright.
    • -stat agents (e.g., bacteriostat) inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
    • Disinfectants kill microorganisms on inanimate objects.
    • Sterilization completely removes or kills all microorganisms.

    Mechanisms of Action of Inorganic Antimicrobial Agents

    • Oxidation: Compounds like hydrogen peroxide, permanganates, and halogens oxidize proteins.
    • Halogenation: Hypohalite and hypochlorite antiseptics react with protein molecules, altering their conformation.
    • Protein Precipitation: Metallic ions with high charge/radius ratios or strong electrostatic fields precipitate proteins, affecting their function.

    Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂)

    • Hydrogen Peroxide solution is a clear, colorless liquid.
    • It is unstable and deteriorates upon standing or agitation.
    • It decomposes when in contact with oxidizing or reducing substances.
    • It is used as an antiseptic.

    Iodine

    • Iodine is a very active element.
    • It is easily inactivated by organic materials in the gastrointestinal tract.
    • Ingestion of large quantities can cause corrosive action on the gastrointestinal tract.
    • Iodine solutions are used as topical antiseptics (Iodine Tincture and Iodine Solution) and to disinfect drinking water.

    Povidone-iodine

    • Povidone-iodine is an iodophor, a complex of iodine with a carrier organic molecule.
    • It slowly releases iodine in solution.
    • It is used as a topical antiseptic because it is less irritating than iodine tinctures.

    Silver Nitrate (AgNO₃)

    • Silver Nitrate is a colorless or white crystal that becomes gray or grayish black when exposed to light.
    • It is very soluble in water.
    • Solutions of silver nitrate (0.5-1.0%) are used as antibacterial agents.
    • Silver ions precipitate both bacterial and human proteins, leading to antibacterial, astringent, irritant, and corrosive effects.
    • Prolonged use can cause argyria, a darkening of the skin due to silver deposition.
    • It is used as an antibacterial, prophylactic measure against ophthalmia neonatorum, and in burn treatment.

    Astringents

    • Astringents precipitate proteins on the surface of cells, causing coagulation and tissue constriction.
    • They have limited penetration and do not cause the death of cells.
    • They are used as styptics (stop bleeding), antiperspirants, and to constrict mucous membranes.

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    Topical Agents PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the different types of topical agents, including protective, antimicrobial, and astringent agents. It specifically highlights the properties and uses of key protective agents like talc and calamine. Test your knowledge on how these compounds function and their applications in skincare.

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