Questions and Answers
What are the four functions of the reproductive system?
To produce egg and sperm cells, to transport and sustain the egg and sperm cells, to nurture the developing offspring, to produce hormones.
What are the primary reproductive organs?
Gonads, testes in males, ovaries in females.
What is another name for egg and sperm cells?
Gametes.
Why are the testes located outside of the abdominal cavity?
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What are spermatogonia?
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What occurs during meiosis I of spermatogenesis?
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What happens to spermatogonia at puberty?
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How many chromosomes are contained in the head of the sperm?
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What is the function of the midpiece of the sperm?
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What is the function of the tail of the sperm?
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What is semen?
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What occurs during emission?
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What are the functions of the female reproductive organs?
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What is located in the cortex of the ovary?
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Where are the ovaries located?
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What is oogenesis?
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What occurs during ovulation?
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Where does fertilization usually occur?
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What are labia majora?
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What is the mons pubis?
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What are labia minora?
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What is the clitoris?
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What is the follicular phase?
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What is the ovulatory phase?
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What is the luteal phase?
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What happens to the endometrium of the uterus during the menstrual cycle?
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What is the areola?
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What is the function of lactiferous ducts?
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Study Notes
Functions of the Reproductive System
- Produces egg (ova) and sperm cells.
- Transports and sustains egg and sperm cells.
- Nurtures developing offspring.
- Produces hormones.
Primary Reproductive Organs
- Known as gonads.
- Testes in males, ovaries in females.
Gametes
- Another term for egg and sperm cells.
Testes Location
- Located outside the abdominal cavity to maintain cooler temperatures necessary for sperm survival.
Spermatogonia
- Immature sperm cells that remain dormant until puberty.
Spermatogenesis During Meiosis I
- First meiotic division occurs, producing two secondary spermatocytes.
Spermatogonia at Puberty
- Undergo division; each has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
Sperm Head Chromosomes
- Contains 23 chromosomes.
Sperm Midpiece Function
- Houses mitochondria which produce ATP for energy.
Sperm Tail Function
- Known as the locomotor region, acts as a flagellum for movement.
Semen Composition
- Seminal fluid that is a slightly alkaline mixture of sperm and secretions from accessory glands.
Emission Process
- Forceful discharge of semen into the urethra.
Functions of Female Reproductive Organs
- Produce and sustain female sex cells (ova).
- Transport ova to fertilization site.
- Provide a favorable environment for developing offspring.
- Move offspring outside at the end of development.
- Produce female sex hormones.
Ovary Structure
- The cortex contains ovarian follicles with oocytes.
Ovaries Location
- Situated in shallow depressions called ovarian fossae, one on each side of the uterus.
Oogenesis
- Process of egg cell development.
Ovulation Process
- Distended follicular wall ruptures, ejecting the oocyte.
Fertilization Location
- Usually occurs in the Fallopian tubes.
Labia Majora
- Two large, fat-filled folds of skin that enclose external genitalia.
Mons Pubis
- Rounded elevation of fat overlying the pubic symphysis.
Labia Minora
- Two smaller skin folds situated medially to the labia majora.
Clitoris
- Small mass of erectile tissue located at the anterior end of the vestibule; erects in response to stimulation.
Follicular Phase
- Triggered by secretion of GnRH from hypothalamus.
Ovulatory Phase
- High estrogen levels secreted by mature follicle stimulate anterior pituitary to release LH and some FSH.
Luteal Phase
- Surge of LH promotes development of corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone and some estrogen, exerting negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
Endometrium Changes During Menstrual Cycle
- Inner mucous membrane layer.
- Stratum functionale sloughs off during menstruation.
- Stratum basale rebuilds the stratum functionale post-menstruation.
Areola
- Circular pigmented area surrounding the nipple.
Lactiferous Ducts Function
- Channels milk from the lobule to the nipple.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Chapter 16 of TMA, which focuses on the reproductive system. This quiz covers the functions and primary organs involved in reproduction, including egg and sperm cells. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of this crucial topic.