RADIOLOGY LECTURE 6 ~~~~~~

In digital imaging, a high dose might not be apparent on the image, so optimizing exposure isn't always obvious.

IRMER 17 legislation focuses on patient safety, regulated by the CQC and other UK health bodies.

In 2017, Digital imaging (phosphor plates/CCD/CMOS) comprised 72% of imaging, while film was 28%.

Implementing ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable) involves equipment maintenance, staff training, and appropriate techniques.

Thyroid shields and lead aprons protect patients from scattered radiation.

Proper collimation (e.g., using rectangular collimators) reduces unnecessary exposure and optimizes radiation usage.

Personnel dosimetry is generally optional, recommended when estimated doses could surpass 1 mSv annually—common when taking high volumes of radiographs.

kV (voltage), mA (current), and time are adjustable X-ray machine settings.

Legislation protecting patients from ionizing radiation in medical settings, requiring justification, optimization (ALARP), and dose limits.

Specific workplace procedures limiting radiation doses, detailing controlled areas, dosimetry, and accident plans.

Maximum permissible yearly dose of radiation from work, set at 20 mSv.

Dental radiography is low risk during pregnancy, but may be postponed for emotional comfort in non-urgent cases due to minimal pelvic exposure.

Higher mAs means darker images but higher dose, while lower mAs means lighter images with lower dose.

Higher kV increases X-ray intensity for quicker penetration, lowering patient dose.

Higher mA increases X-ray production, increasing dose and exposure time.

Dosimeter measures radiation, and dosimetry is the study of radiation doses.

Typical radiation doses for standard medical procedures, set by employers with MPE input.

Dentists may be referrer, practitioner, and operator, combining roles in dental settings.

Area outside the primary X-ray beam and 1.5 meters from the patient and X-ray source in a dental setting.

The maximum radiation dose members of the public and those under 16 can receive is 1 mSv annually.

Digital imaging has lower dose, while film is more sensitive.

Guiding principle applying to staff and the public, restricting radiation exposure to the lowest achievable level.

The employer sets up a radiation protection framework, identifies roles, appoints an MPE, and ensures training and follows ALARP.