تلوث المياه والمبيدات الكيميائية

Environmental Pollution

• Definition: Environmental pollution is any change in environmental properties that can directly or indirectly harm living organisms, facilities, or affect human life.

Levels of Environmental Pollution

• Acceptable (Non-Hazardous): The first level of pollution, where the ecosystem's balance isn't affected, and there are no major environmental problems. Pollution is unavoidable, as pollutants can move easily between locations due to weather or human activity.
• Hazardous: A more advanced stage where the amount and type of pollutants exceed the critical ecological limit, negatively impacting both the environment and humans. Industrial activity and reliance on fossil fuels are often the main culprits in this level of hazardous pollution.
• Destructive: The stage where the ecosystem collapses and loses its natural functions due to severe imbalance. Nuclear radiation pollution is an example.

Types of Environmental Pollution

• Air Pollution: Harmful substances contaminate the air, primarily affecting human health and the surrounding environment. Examples include smoke from cigarettes or tobacco.
• Water Pollution: Affects both freshwater and marine environments. Pollution encompasses various types of waste—domestic, industrial, hospital, or agricultural—in solid, liquid, or gaseous forms, including radioactive waste.
• Waste Pollution: Includes various types of waste (solid, liquid, gas, radioactive) from households, industries, hospitals, and agriculture.
• Visual Pollution: Distorts any visual experience, causing discomfort. This includes urban development to road infrastructures.
• Noise Pollution: A type of pollution found mostly in urban and industrialized areas, through increased use of modern technologies and machinery.

Classification by Nature

• Chemical Composition: Organic pollutants (like hydrocarbons) and inorganic pollutants (like sulfur oxides).
• Natural State: Gaseous, liquid, or solid pollutants.

Classification by Properties

• Solubility: Water, oil, and fat solubility.
• Rate of spread and dilution.
• Biodegradability.
• Stability in air, water, soil, and living beings.
• Reactivity with other materials.

Classification by Sector

• Air Pollutants: Pollutants affecting the atmosphere.
• Freshwater Pollutants: Pollutants affecting fresh water.
• Marine Pollutants: Pollutants affecting marine environments.
• Soil Pollutants: Pollutants affecting the soil.

Classification by Source

• Combustion products: Domestic, industrial, agricultural sources.
• Industrial products: Vary by specific industry (e.g., plastics, cement, metal smelting).
• Domestic and service products: Household waste, hospital waste, factory waste.
• Agricultural products: Animal waste, fertilizers, pesticide residues.
• Military activities.
• Biological activity: Acid and alkaline materials from bacteria and fungi.

Classification by Use Pattern

• Industrial uses: Raw materials, solvents, dyes, preservatives, etc.
• Domestic and hospital uses: Cleaning products, paints, disinfectants, pesticides.
• Agricultural uses: Fertilizers, pesticides, fuels.
• Transportation fuels: Fuels, lubricants, paints, and other related products.
• Military purposes.

Classification by Effect

• Human health effects.
• Animal effects.
• Plant effects.
• Atmospheric impacts. (e.g., ozone layer)
• Biological processes in water.

Types of Pollutants

• Natural Pollutants: Pollutants unrelated to human activity (e.g., volcanic gases, pollen).
• Anthropogenic Pollutants: Pollutants resulting from human activities (e.g., industrial emissions, agricultural runoff).
• Chemical Pollutants: Compounds with toxic or harmful effects (e.g., pesticides, heavy metals).
• Physical Pollutants: Factors like noise, radiation, and thermal pollution.
• Biological Pollutants: Living organisms or their byproducts that cause harm (e.g., bacteria, viruses).

Air Pollution

• Types of air pollution: Suspended particulate matter, vapors and gases, microorganisms, noise pollution, and radioactive pollution.
• Sources of air pollution: Transportation, stationary combustion sources, and industrial activities.
• Smog: A type of air pollution, commonly found in urban areas, arising from reactions between different components in the atmosphere.

Soil Pollution

• Causes of soil pollution: Agricultural chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides), industrial waste, and improper waste disposal.
• Importance of soil: crucial for plant life, supports various organisms including bacteria, fungi, and insects.

Water Pollution

• Types of water pollution: Oxygen-demanding wastes, infectious agents, synthetic organic chemicals, plant nutrients, inorganic chemicals and mineral substances, sediments, radioactive substances, and thermal pollution.
• Sources of Water Pollution: Industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, sewage, and urban runoff.

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