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Questions and Answers

What are disinfectants?

Chemicals that clean surfaces

Chemicals for personal hygiene

Only used for laundry

Chemicals that are used to remove or kill pathogenic microorganisms (correct)

Babies whose mothers have which of the following problems must be isolated from other infants?

Genital herpes (correct)

Flu

Measles

HIV

Which of the following is a vector in transmitting infectious diseases?

Mites (correct)

Ticks

Flies

Mosquitoes

Which of the following is a commonly identified pathogenic microorganism that causes healthcare-associated skin infections?

Candida albicans Signup and view all the answers

Which organization oversees the investigation and control of various diseases, especially those that are communicable?

CDC Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a commonly identified pathogenic agent that affects the skin?

Herpes virus Signup and view all the answers

Reverse isolation is commonly used for patients who have:

Immunodeficiency disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a commonly identified causative agent of nosocomial infections in the nursery unit?

Escherichia coli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following chemical compounds is an antiseptic for skin?

Hexylresorcinol Signup and view all the answers

What type of infection might a phlebotomist have acquired if he or she needs to avoid contact with patients for 24 hours after being started on an appropriate antibiotic?

Strep throat (Group A) Signup and view all the answers

HICPAC transmission-based precautions include:

Airborne, droplet, and contact Signup and view all the answers

About how many patients acquire a nosocomial infection annually?

1.75 to 3 million Signup and view all the answers

A healthcare-acquired infection occurs when?

The chain of infection is complete Signup and view all the answers

In healthcare facilities, which of the following is a typical fomite?

Phlebotomy tray Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor that increases a host's susceptibility in the chain of infection?

Drug use Signup and view all the answers

Antiseptics for skin include:

Iodine Signup and view all the answers

If an electrical accident occurs involving electrical shock to an employee or a patient, the first thing that the healthcare provider should do is:

Shut off the electrical power Signup and view all the answers

What are the major principles of self-protection from radiation exposure?

Time, distance, and shielding Signup and view all the answers

The first step in giving mouth-to-mouth resuscitation is to:

Determine whether the victim is conscious by gently tapping the shoulders of the victim and speaking loudly, 'Are you okay?' Signup and view all the answers

If a fire extinguisher has to be used in a healthcare environment, the first step to perform is:

Pull the pin off of the extinguisher Signup and view all the answers

If a phlebotomist is collecting blood specimens from a patient in the nuclear medicine department he or she needs to be:

Wearing a dosimeter badge Signup and view all the answers

Which organization developed a labeling system for hazardous chemicals that is frequently used in healthcare facilities?

NFPA Signup and view all the answers

The first step in controlling severe bleeding is to:

Apply pressure directly over the wound or venipuncture site Signup and view all the answers

Chemicals that are defined as 'explosive flammables' must be stored:

In an explosion-proof or fireproof room or cabinet Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should not be done for a shock victim who seems to be not fully conscious?

Give fluids to keep the victim from becoming dehydrated Signup and view all the answers

Class C fires are:

Electrical fires Signup and view all the answers

MSDSs must be supplied to employees according to the:

Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) Signup and view all the answers

How many lobes do normal human lungs have?

5 Signup and view all the answers

After oxygen crosses the respiratory membranes (in the lung) into the blood, about 97% of it combines with?

Hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

The term ventral refers to which part of the body?

Front Signup and view all the answers

If a normal person breathes in, the oxygen travels through air passages to the lungs. Which of the following takes place?

Oxygen (O2) is exchanged for carbon dioxide (CO2) Signup and view all the answers

An XY pair of chromosomes means that the fetus will be a:

Baby boy Signup and view all the answers

Specialized cells of the nervous system are:

Neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is produced in the adrenal glands, the glands that cause emotions such as fear and anger?

Hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would require contact precautions?

Herpes simplex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is designed to reduce the risk of transmission of microorganisms from both recognized sources of infection in healthcare facilities?

Standard precautions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would require airborne precautions?

Tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the proper sequence for removal of isolation apparel after blood collection in an isolation room?

Gloves, gown, goggles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most important procedure in the prevention of disease transmission in healthcare institutes?

Hand washing Signup and view all the answers

MSDS stands for:

Material Safety Data Sheet Signup and view all the answers

A dosimeter badge is required in healthcare facilities for?

Radiation safety Signup and view all the answers

The HazCom standard requires chemical manufacturers to supply?

MSDSs Signup and view all the answers

As CO2 levels increase in the blood, the blood pH:

Decreases (becomes more acidic) Signup and view all the answers

A test required for O & P refers to:

An evaluation for parasites Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following chemicals should be used to disinfect tourniquets and items contaminated with blood?

1:10 dilution of chlorine bleach Signup and view all the answers

In the process of preparing to enter a patient's isolation room, which of the following would occur first?

Donning mask Signup and view all the answers

If a healthcare provider hears a fire alarm as she or he is collecting blood from a patient, she or he should not:

Run Signup and view all the answers

Which structure governs the functions of the individual cell, such as growth, repair, reproduction, and metabolism?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an agency of the U.S. Department of Labor that requires employers to provide measures that will protect workers exposed to biological hazards?

OSHA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is needed for cleanup of a chemical spill?

Rubber gloves Signup and view all the answers

The term stat refers to:

Immediate and urgent specimen collection Signup and view all the answers

Arteries differ from veins in which of the following ways?

Thicker vessel walls with a pulsating feel Signup and view all the answers

Steps in the identification process should include:

A 3-way match with verbal, ID bracelet, and requisition information Signup and view all the answers

When a patient has 'difficult' veins, what strategies, if any, can be used to improve the likelihood of a successful puncture?

Slight rotation of the patient's arm to a different position, warming the site, and palpating the entire antecubital area to trace vein path Signup and view all the answers

During the venipuncture procedure, what should the phlebotomist do after the needle is inserted and blood begins to flow?

Release the tourniquet Signup and view all the answers

Which specimen collection tube is commonly used for hematology tests?

EDTA Signup and view all the answers

If a venipuncture procedure is almost completed and suddenly you see hints of a hematoma beginning to form, what should you do?

Discontinue the procedure and apply pressure with gauze Signup and view all the answers

If a patient is frail and has a tendency to faint, what equipment, if any, would be helpful in the specimen collection process?

A recliner Signup and view all the answers

If arm veins cannot be used for a venipuncture, the preferred alternative veins lie in the:

Dorsal side of the hand or wrist Signup and view all the answers

Which specimen collection tube is commonly used for hemostasis tests?

Sodium citrate Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has a bruise in the antecubital area of his right arm (his non-dominant arm), what alternate site should be considered?

The antecubital area of the left arm Signup and view all the answers

Specimens may be rejected for a variety of reasons, most of which can be prevented by experienced professional phlebotomists. Identify one reason for specimen rejection that relates to unnecessary, but excessive, mixing of the specimen.

Specimen is hemolyzed Signup and view all the answers

Prior to performing a venipuncture, why is it important to get information about whether or not the patient has eaten recently?

Laboratory tests can be affected by the ingestion of food and drink Signup and view all the answers

Where should the tourniquet be placed on the patient during the venipuncture procedure?

3 inches above the venipuncture site Signup and view all the answers

When collecting a blood specimen with the butterfly method and PT, PTT tests are the only tests ordered, what is the correct procedure?

Use a discard tube, then collect a sodium citrate tube Signup and view all the answers

When the evacuated tube method is used for venipuncture, select the correct order of collection for the following tubes: blood culture tubes, coagulation tube, and hematology tube. Choose the order of tubes by their color of closures.

Yellow blood culture tubes, blue, lavender Signup and view all the answers

Fingerstick procedures cannot be performed when which test is ordered?

Blood cultures Signup and view all the answers

Generally speaking, what should the phlebotomist do with the first drop of blood after a fingerstick is performed?

Wipe it off with gauze Signup and view all the answers

In making a blood smear or slide, after the drop of blood has been spread across the glass slide, what is the next step?

Allow it to air dry Signup and view all the answers

Excessive massaging or milking of the finger during a skin puncture procedure can cause:

Hemolysis and contamination of the specimen with tissue fluids Signup and view all the answers

Another instance when a fingerstick should not be performed on a patient is when the following has been ordered:

Coagulation tests Signup and view all the answers

Labeled skin puncture specimens should include the:

Patient's name and identification number, phlebotomist's initials, and time and date of collection Signup and view all the answers

Skin puncture blood is composed of:

Blood from arterioles and venules Signup and view all the answers

What is the best angle for spreading a blood smear by using two glass slides?

30 degrees Signup and view all the answers

Blood smears for evaluation of cells must be made carefully. Which of the following features should be present?

A feathered edge Signup and view all the answers

It is best to use which type of bandage on an adult after a fingerstick?

Hypoallergenic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following chemical agents should be used to decontaminate a patient's finger before skin puncture?

Isopropanol Signup and view all the answers

Glycolytic action refers to:

Breakdown of glucose Signup and view all the answers

When designing a report form for laboratory results, what key elements would not be included?

Physician's home address and phone number Signup and view all the answers

The most reliable labeling method for avoiding transcription errors in specimen collection is?

Bar coded computerized labels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors should be considered when pneumatic tube systems are used for transporting specimens?

Effect on the chemical and cellular components of specimens, mechanical reliability and distance of transport, speed of carrier and landing mechanism Signup and view all the answers

Assays that require a chilled specimen include:

Gastrin, ammonia, catecholamine, and lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible occurrence if a blood specimen tube for hematology tests is filled correctly but not mixed long enough?

Tiny clots will form in the specimen Signup and view all the answers

It is preferable to make blood smears from EDTA specimens within what period of time after the specimen is collected?

1 hour Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to get patient information about latex sensitivity?

Allergies to latex cause skin irritations Signup and view all the answers

Adding too much blood to a sodium citrate tube can cause:

Shorter clotting time Signup and view all the answers

Name one step that should not be in the handwashing procedure:

Turning off the water faucet with hands Signup and view all the answers

How many more times should a phlebotomist try to perform a venipuncture on a patient if he has failed once already?

Once Signup and view all the answers

If a patient is obese, what special equipment, if any, would be helpful in the specimen collection process?

A large blood pressure cuff Signup and view all the answers

Osteomyelitis is defined as:

Inflammation and infection of the bone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is identical for venipuncture and capillary puncture procedures?

Greeting, identification, and hand hygiene Signup and view all the answers

Skin puncture techniques are useful in which of the following conditions?

When the patient is a neonate Signup and view all the answers

The TAT refers to:

The time it takes for laboratory test results to be completed Signup and view all the answers

Specimens being tested in which of the following areas would not usually require centrifugation?

Coagulation and hematology Signup and view all the answers

During the venipuncture, the needle should be inserted at what angle to the skin?

30 degrees or less Signup and view all the answers

When using the syringe method to collect a blood specimen, how is the blood added into additive and non-additive tubes?

Using a syringe transfer device attached to the syringe, insert each tube in the device and allow the blood to flow freely Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can have an adverse effect on the quality of a fingerstick?

Always using the first drop of blood Signup and view all the answers

For specimens that require centrifugation, serum or plasma should be removed from the cells within what period of time?

2 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following information is essential for labeling a patient's specimen?

The patient's name and identification number, date and time of collection, the phlebotomist's initials Signup and view all the answers

Nails can grow at a rate of about:

0.1 mm per day Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Disinfectants and Pathogens

Disinfectants are chemicals used to remove or kill pathogenic microorganisms.
Genital herpes in mothers necessitates isolation of their babies to prevent transmission.
Mites serve as vectors in transmitting infectious diseases.

Health Care Associated Infections

Candida albicans is a common pathogen causing healthcare-associated skin infections.
The CDC oversees the investigation and control of communicable diseases.
Herpes viruses are pathogenic agents affecting the skin.

Precautions and Infection Control

Reverse isolation is typically used for patients with immunodeficiency disorders.
Escherichia coli is a commonly identified agent of nosocomial infections in nurseries.
Hexylresorcinol is an antiseptic used for skin disinfection.

Antibiotic Use and Infection

A phlebotomist must avoid contact after starting an antibiotic for strep throat until symptom-free for 24 hours.
HICPAC transmission-based precautions include airborne, droplet, and contact methods.

Nosocomial Infections Statistics

Annually, 1.75 to 3 million patients acquire nosocomial infections.
A healthcare-acquired infection occurs when the chain of infection is fully established.

Equipment and Safety Standards

A typical fomite in healthcare settings is a phlebotomy tray.
Factors increasing host susceptibility in the chain of infection include drug use.
Antiseptics for skin can include iodine, while sodium citrate is used for hemostasis tests.

Emergency Procedures

The first response in an electrical shock incident is shutting off electrical power.
Major principles of self-protection from radiation include time, distance, and shielding.
In emergencies, the first step with a fire extinguisher is to pull the pin.

Phlebotomy Practices

A dosimeter badge is required in departments like nuclear medicine for radiation safety.
Blood must be drawn 3 inches above the venipuncture site with appropriate techniques to minimize discomfort and complications.
The order of blood collection tubes is vital, with yellow tubes for blood cultures, blue for coagulation, and lavender for hematology.

Patient Care Considerations

Patients with "difficult" veins may require specific strategies like warming the site to improve success rates.
A recliner may be best for frail patients, while a large blood pressure cuff would aid in blood collection for obese patients.
Latex sensitivity is crucial for patient safety to prevent allergic reactions.

Specimen Handling and Processing

The first drop of blood after a fingerstick should be wiped away to ensure accuracy.
Blood specimens must be mixed vigorously, especially for hematology tests, to prevent clot formation.
Specimens requiring centrifugation must have serum or plasma separated within 2 hours for optimal testing.

Best Practices and Compliance

Handwashing is the most critical procedure in preventing disease transmission within healthcare settings.
Labeling of specimens is crucial and should include the patient's information and collection details.
Appropriate handling of specimens and meticulous technique in blood collection are essential to avoid contamination and erroneous results.

Miscellaneous Knowledge

The average human lung comprises five lobes.
A blood smear should exhibit a feathered edge for proper evaluation.
Nails grow at a rate of approximately 0.1 mm per day, relevant for understanding healing and hygiene in patient care contexts.

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