Questions and Answers
When the concentration of hydronium ions equals the concentration of hydroxide ions, it is called the ____.
equivalence point
The method used to determine the equivalence point of an acid-base solution is called:
titration
HCl - 1, H2SO4 - 1, H3PO4 - 1, H2SO4 - 0.5, H3PO4 - 3, HNO3 - 2. What would be the corrected values?
HCl - 1, H2SO4 - 2, H3PO4 - 3, H2SO4 - 1, H3PO4 - 9, HNO2 - 2
The unknown concentration of NaOH was determined by titration with HCl. If mL NaOH = 34.8 mL, mL of HCl used = 29.6 mL, and concentration of HCl = 0.19 M, what is the concentration of the NaOH?
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A titration was performed with H2SO4 titrated with NaOH. If mL of NaOH used = 43.2 mL, concentration NaOH = 0.15 M, mL H2SO4 = 20.5 mL, what is the concentration of H2SO4?
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If a base is added to water, what will occur?
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What is the pH of a 0.1 M HCl solution?
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What is the pH of a 0.1 M NaOH solution?
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What is a salt? A compound formed from a(n) _____ from an acid and a(n) _____ from a base.
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Select all of the following that are salts.
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What is the general word equation for salt formation by neutralization? _________ + __________ → salt + H2O.
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Complete the word equation for making a salt. Metal + ______ → salt + hydrogen.
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Complete the word equation for making a salt. Metal oxide + ______ → salt + water.
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Complete the word equation for making a salt. _________ + __________ → salt.
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Nonmetallic oxide + base → salt + ______.
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In lower concentrations, salts generally _____.
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Study Notes
Titration and Concepts
- The equivalence point occurs when hydronium ion concentration equals hydroxide ion concentration.
- Titration is the method used to determine the equivalence point in acid-base solutions.
Acid Strength and Equivalence
- HCl: 1 equivalent per mole
- H2SO4: 2 equivalents per mole
- H3PO4: 3 equivalents per mole
- HNO2: 2 equivalents per mole
Calculating Concentrations
- Concentration of NaOH determined from titration with HCl:
- Volume of NaOH = 34.8 mL
- Volume of HCl used = 29.6 mL
- HCl concentration = 0.19 M
- Resulting NaOH concentration = 0.16 M
- From titration of H2SO4 with NaOH:
- Volume of NaOH = 43.2 mL
- H2SO4 volume = 20.5 mL
- NaOH concentration = 0.15 M
- H2SO4 releases 2 H+ per mole, resulting in a concentration of H2SO4 = 0.16 M.
Effects of Adding Base
- Adding a base to water decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions ([H+]).
pH Values
- A 0.1 M HCl solution has a pH of 1.
- A 0.1 M NaOH solution has a pH of 13.
Salt Formation
- A salt is formed from a cation from a base and an anion from an acid.
- Salts include compounds such as NaNO3, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, and NaCl.
- General word equation for neutralization: acid + base → salt + H2O.
- Salt formation reactions include:
- Metal + acid → salt + hydrogen.
- Metal oxide + acid → salt + water.
- Metal + nonmetal → salt.
- Nonmetallic oxide + base → salt + water.
Solubility of Salts
- In lower concentrations, salts generally dissolve in solution.
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