Tissue Types Quiz - Histology Basics

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Questions and Answers

How do epithelial tissues, which lack blood vessels, obtain necessary nutrients and eliminate waste products?

  • Via diffusion and absorption from adjacent connective tissues. (correct)
  • Through specialized organelles that store and recycle waste products.
  • Through direct absorption from the external environment.
  • By producing their own nutrients through intracellular processes.

Which type of cell junction allows for the rapid spread of electrical signals between cells, such as in the coordinated contractions of the heart?

  • Desmosomes
  • Gap junctions (correct)
  • Adhesion belts
  • Tight junctions

Which of the following is the primary function of tight junctions in epithelial tissues?

  • To provide strong, durable connections that resist mechanical stress.
  • To prevent the passage of fluids and solutes between cells, maintaining a barrier. (correct)
  • To attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane.
  • To allow the free diffusion of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells.

What is the role of hemidesmosomes in epithelial tissue?

<p>Attaching cells to the basement membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reticular lamina is secreted by and lies adjacent to which type of tissue?

<p>Connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epithelial tissues are classified based on which two primary characteristics?

<p>Cell shape and the number of layers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of stratified squamous epithelium, such as that found in the outer layer of the skin?

<p>Providing protection against abrasion and mechanical forces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Germinative cells play a central role in tissue maintenance, where are they located and what is their purpose?

<p>Located next to the basement membrane, they divide and replace epithelial cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering their functions, where would you most likely find simple squamous epithelium?

<p>Lining blood vessels and air sacs of the lungs where diffusion is essential. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes keratinized stratified squamous epithelium from non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

<p>Keratinized epithelium is water-resistant and strong due to the presence of keratin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes white fat from brown fat?

<p>White fat is the most common type of fat in adults, storing triglycerides for energy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of dense regular connective tissue contribute to its function?

<p>The parallel arrangement of tightly packed collagen fibers provides strength and resistance to force in one direction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the stroma in reticular connective tissue?

<p>To provide a supporting framework for functional cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are damaged tendons and ligaments slow to heal?

<p>They primarily consist of dense regular connective tissue, which is not plentiful in blood vessels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is characterized by an open framework matrix containing viscous ground substance, collagen and elastic fibers, and is found in the deep layer of the skin?

<p>Areolar Connective Tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of pseudostratified columnar epithelium that distinguishes it from stratified epithelium?

<p>All cells are in contact with the basement membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transitional epithelium is well-suited for which function, given its location in the urinary system?

<p>Ability to stretch and recoil without damage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

<p>Exocrine glands have ducts, while endocrine glands release secretions directly into the bloodstream. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mucous cells and goblet cells are types of unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin. Where are mucous cells and goblet cells found respectively?

<p>Mucous cells are scattered along the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the respiratory tract; goblet cells are scattered along the simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A multicellular exocrine gland with a single unbranched duct and tube-shaped secretory region would be classified as:

<p>Simple tubular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gland produces a thick secretion rich in mucins?

<p>Mucous glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A gland that releases its secretion via exocytosis without causing harm to the glandular cells is employing which mode of secretion?

<p>Merocrine secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a gland that utilizes merocrine secretion?

<p>Sweat gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures relies on elastic connective tissue for its function?

<p>The walls of elastic arteries, such as the aorta, enabling them to expand and recoil. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the arrangement of fibers in deep fascia contribute to its functional role?

<p>Layers of dense regular connective tissue with fibers oriented in different directions add strength. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary origin of lymph?

<p>Interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen to body tissues?

<p>Erythrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the structure and location of subserous fascia, what is its main function?

<p>Separating the deep fascia from the mesothelium of serous membranes, allowing for independent movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics accurately describes smooth muscle tissue?

<p>Small, spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus and no striations, found in the walls of hollow organs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neuroglia in nervous tissue?

<p>To support, repair, and supply nutrients to neurons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the inflammatory process, what is the direct effect of histamine release from mast cells?

<p>Dilation of blood vessels, increasing blood circulation and causing redness and warmth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phagocytes during tissue repair after an injury?

<p>Cleaning up cellular debris and pathogens from the injured area. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly describes the initial steps of the inflammatory process following tissue damage?

<p>Damaged cells release chemicals → mast cell activation → histamine, heparin, and prostaglandins release → blood vessel dilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Reticular lamina

A dense layer secreted by connective tissues providing strength and filtration.

Cellularity

Epithelial tissues are almost entirely composed of tightly packed cells with minimal space.

Attachment in epithelium

Epithelial cells connect to each other and the basement membrane using CAMs and junctions.

Tight Junctions

Cell connections preventing fluids from passing between cells, located near the apical end.

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Desmosomes

Strong connections that help cells endure mechanical stress; include spot and hemidesmosomes.

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Elastic CT

Connective tissue rich in elastic fibers, providing flexibility.

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Superficial fascia

The most superficial layer of fascia made of adipose and areolar tissue.

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Deep fascia

Middle layer of fascia made of dense regular connective tissue for strength.

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Interstitial fluid

Fluid found between cells, formed by blood pressure forcing fluid out of capillaries.

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Lymph

Fluid in lymphatic vessels formed from interstitial fluid; part of the immune system.

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Areolar CT

Least specialized connective tissue containing various cell types, viscous ground substance, and fibers.

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Adipocyte

Fat cell that expands to store fat and shrinks when fat is used.

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White Fat

Most common adipose tissue type, stores energy and provides insulation.

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Brown Fat

Adipose tissue found in infants, rich in mitochondria, produces heat.

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Dense Regular CT

Connective tissue with tightly packed collagen fibers in parallel, providing strength in one direction.

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Regeneration

The process of replacing epithelial cells for tissue maintenance and repair.

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Epithelial Tissue Classification

Epithelia are classified by cell shape and number of layers.

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Simple Squamous Epithelium

A single layer of flat cells involved in diffusion and secretion, lining body cavities and blood vessels.

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Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multiple layers of flat cells that protect against abrasion, present in areas like skin and the mouth.

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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A single layer of cube-shaped cells primarily involved in secretion and absorption, found in glands and kidneys.

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Smooth muscle

Muscle found in the walls of hollow organs, non-striated and involuntary.

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Neurons

Main functional cells of nervous tissue, responsible for conducting signals.

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Dendrites

Extensions of neurons that receive signals from other cells.

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Inflammation

The body's response to injury, characterized by redness, swelling, pain, and warmth.

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Phagocytes

Cells that engulf and digest debris and pathogens in the body.

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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A single layer of cells that appears stratified; has cilia and is found in the respiratory tract.

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Transitional epithelium

Epithelium that allows stretching and recoiling, changing appearance as it stretches.

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Exocrine glands

Glands that release secretions through ducts to epithelial surfaces.

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Endocrine glands

Glands that release hormones directly into the blood without ducts.

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Unicellular glands

Single-celled glands that secrete mucin, forming mucus, like goblet cells.

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Multicellular glands

Glands composed of multiple cells; can be simple (single duct) or compound (multiple ducts).

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Serous glands

Glands that produce thin, watery secretions, often containing enzymes.

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Merocrine secretion

Secretion process where products are released by exocytosis without damaging the cell.

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Study Notes

Tissue Types

  • Tissues are groups of cells performing specific functions, like forming organs.
  • Histology is the study of tissues.
  • Principal tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural.

Epithelial Tissue

  • Epithelial tissue forms coverings and linings of surfaces, and glands.
  • Epithelial cells are arranged in layers over a basement membrane.
  • Functions include: protection, controlling permeability (limiting what passes through), producing secretions, and sensation.
  • Special characteristics: polarity, cellularity, attachment, and avascularity.
  • Epithelial cells exist in simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers) arrangements.
  • Shapes: squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-shaped), and columnar (elongated).
  • Specialized types include simple and stratified squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional.
  • Glandular epithelium secretes substances.

Connective Tissue

  • Connective tissue supports, connects, and protects other tissue types.
  • Connective tissue consists of specialized cells and extracellular matrix.
  • The matrix contains collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers embedded in a ground substance.
  • Key cell types: fibroblasts, fibrocytes, adipocytes, mesenchymal, melanocytes, mast cells, and macrophages.
  • Categories: connective tissue proper (loose and dense), fluid connective tissue (blood and lymph), and supporting connective tissue (cartilage and bone).

Muscle Tissue

  • Muscle tissue contracts to create movement.
  • Types: skeletal (voluntary movement), cardiac (heart), and smooth (involuntary movement of internal organs).

Nervous Tissue

  • Nervous tissue transmits signals throughout the body, allowing communication between different parts.
  • Principal cells are neurons, designed for rapid signal transmission, and neuroglia, which are supporting cells.

Tissue Response to Injury

  • Inflammation is the initial response to injury, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
  • Chemicals released by damaged cells trigger inflammation.
  • Phagocytes clear out debris.
  • Regeneration is the repair process following injury.
  • Not all tissues regenerate equally; some regenerate poorly or not at all.
  • Aging affects the efficiency of tissue repair because of slower metabolism, hormonal changes, and physical aging.

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