Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the components found in plasma proteins?
What are the components found in plasma proteins?
- Albumin and hemoglobin
- Albumin and globulins (correct)
- Globulins and fibrinogen (correct)
- All of the above
What is the primary function of fibrinogen in plasma proteins?
What is the primary function of fibrinogen in plasma proteins?
- Blood clotting (correct)
- Maintain fluid balance
- Provide immunity
- Transport hormones
Which statement accurately describes the interstitium?
Which statement accurately describes the interstitium?
- It is an organ system.
- It is the space between cells. (correct)
- It contains primarily free-flowing fluid.
- It is a type of blood plasma.
How do proteoglycans contribute to the interstitial space?
How do proteoglycans contribute to the interstitial space?
Compare the free fluid concentration in normal tissue to that in edematous tissue.
Compare the free fluid concentration in normal tissue to that in edematous tissue.
What component of a reflex arc interprets the afferent information?
What component of a reflex arc interprets the afferent information?
Which of the following best describes the nature of reflex actions?
Which of the following best describes the nature of reflex actions?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the transport of hormones in the plasma?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the transport of hormones in the plasma?
What is the primary function of baroreceptors?
What is the primary function of baroreceptors?
Which level of tissue organization directly comprises multiple cell types and the extracellular matrix?
Which level of tissue organization directly comprises multiple cell types and the extracellular matrix?
What occurs during the knee jerk reflex when the patellar tendon is struck?
What occurs during the knee jerk reflex when the patellar tendon is struck?
Which statement accurately describes the extracellular matrix?
Which statement accurately describes the extracellular matrix?
In the context of overriding reflexes, which brain regions are involved?
In the context of overriding reflexes, which brain regions are involved?
What type of connective tissue fills space in the dermis of the skin?
What type of connective tissue fills space in the dermis of the skin?
Which of the following best describes the function of the nervous tissue in the skin?
Which of the following best describes the function of the nervous tissue in the skin?
What is a common misconception about baroreceptors?
What is a common misconception about baroreceptors?
What is the primary function of collagen in the extracellular matrix?
What is the primary function of collagen in the extracellular matrix?
Which statement accurately describes cancellous bone?
Which statement accurately describes cancellous bone?
What is the role of osteocytes in bone tissue?
What is the role of osteocytes in bone tissue?
Which of the following components is primarily found in the non-mineralized part of bone?
Which of the following components is primarily found in the non-mineralized part of bone?
What distinguishes immature bone from mature bone?
What distinguishes immature bone from mature bone?
What is a primary role of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix?
What is a primary role of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix?
What happens when osteoclasts break down the extracellular matrix?
What happens when osteoclasts break down the extracellular matrix?
What type of structure does collagen form in bone tissue?
What type of structure does collagen form in bone tissue?
What are the end products of glycolysis?
What are the end products of glycolysis?
Which energy source can sustain exercise for approximately 30-60 seconds?
Which energy source can sustain exercise for approximately 30-60 seconds?
What is the primary energy source stored in the body?
What is the primary energy source stored in the body?
Which hormone is responsible for promoting glycogen production from glucose?
Which hormone is responsible for promoting glycogen production from glucose?
How does muscle mass influence basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
How does muscle mass influence basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
During which condition is a healthy person's oral temperature likely to be below 96°F?
During which condition is a healthy person's oral temperature likely to be below 96°F?
Which of the following factors does NOT increase metabolic rate?
Which of the following factors does NOT increase metabolic rate?
What contributes to heat production in the body during ATP hydrolysis?
What contributes to heat production in the body during ATP hydrolysis?
What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune response?
What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune response?
During the initial response to muscle injury, what is the first type of cell to appear at the site?
During the initial response to muscle injury, what is the first type of cell to appear at the site?
Which component of the innate immune system helps enhance inflammation by promoting leukocyte migration?
Which component of the innate immune system helps enhance inflammation by promoting leukocyte migration?
What is the consequence if the basement membrane is not maintained during muscle injury repair?
What is the consequence if the basement membrane is not maintained during muscle injury repair?
What initiates the regeneration phase following muscle injury?
What initiates the regeneration phase following muscle injury?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?
What is a key role of the complement system in the immune response?
What is a key role of the complement system in the immune response?
What factor can cause re-activation of the immune response across a person's life?
What factor can cause re-activation of the immune response across a person's life?
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Study Notes
Interstitial Fluid and Tissue Gel
- Interstitium: space between cells
- Interstitial fluid: fluid within the interstitium
- Tissue gel: combination of proteoglycans and trapped fluid
- Proteoglycans provide structure and interact with water to create gel
- Normal tissue: little free fluid, mostly tissue gel
- Edematous tissue: considerable free fluid, not trapped in proteoglycans
Neural Control of Blood Pressure
- Reflex Arc
- Afferent component: input signal from receptor, sent via afferent nerve to CNS
- CNS component: interprets afferent information
- Efferent component: output signal from CNS to target, producing response
- Baroreceptors
- Detect changes in blood pressure
- Critical for short-term BP homeostasis
- Rapid response (less than 1 second)
Tissue Types and Cell Injury/Adaptation/Death
- Hierarchy of tissue organization
- Chemical level: atoms combine to form molecules
- Cellular level: cells composed of molecules
- Tissue level: cells and their extracellular matrix
- System level: multiple tissue types
- Extracellular matrix
- Fluids and molecules secreted by cells
- Influences tissue structure and function
- Extracellular matrix components
- Collagen: provides structure and strength
- Elastin: provides elasticity
- Proteoglycans: fill space, attract water, determine tissue softness
Connective Tissue: Bone
- Structure of bone
- Cortical bone: tough outer layer, covered by periosteum
- Cancellous bone: spongy mesh plates, in contact with bone marrow
- Cellular components
- Osteoblasts: immature bone cells, secrete extracellular matrix, become osteocytes, bone lining cells, or die via apoptosis
- Osteocytes: mature bone cells, maintain extracellular matrix, respond to mechanical loading and hormones
- Osteoclasts: break down extracellular matrix, release minerals
- Bone lining cells
- Non-cellular component
- Osteoid: non-mineralized, collagen is the main protein
- Hydroxyapatite: mineralized component
Hypersensitivity
- Increased immune response to an antigen causing undesirable effects
Glycolysis
- End products:
- 2 pyruvate molecules
- ATP (2 ATP if glucose is used, 3 ATP if glycogen is used)
Anaerobic ATP Production
- Existing ATP: ~1 second
- Phosphocreatine: 5-10 seconds
- Glycolysis: ~30-60 seconds
Body Energy Sources
- Fat mass: most abundant
- Glycogen: storage form of glucose, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney
- Glucose: found in bloodstream
- Protein: abundant, but not typically used for ATP production
Blood Glucose Regulation
- Glycogenesis: production of glycogen from glucose
- Insulin stimulates glycogenesis
Metabolism
- Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- Minimum energy required at rest
- Influenced by muscle mass, hormones, fever, sleep, malnutrition, sex, age
- Heat production
- ATP hydrolysis releases heat
- Friction at microscopic levels produces heat
- Oral temperature range
- Rest: 97-99.5°F
- Exercise: 101-104°F
- Cold: <96°F
- Rectal temperature is about 1°F greater than oral temperature
- Heat loss
- Determined by blood flow and surface area
- Skin temperature varies from core temperature, acting as insulation
Innate Immunity
- Components
- Exterior defenses
- Cellular components (phagocytes)
- Soluble mediators
- Cytokines
- Chemokines: induce migration of leukocytes
- Interferons: produced by virally infected cells
- Acute phase proteins
Skeletal Muscle Injury Repair
- Repair process
- Hemostasis and hematoma formation
- Degeneration
- Inflammation
- Regeneration
- Fibrosis
- Role of basement membrane
- Must remain intact for regeneration
- Maintains structural integrity
- If damaged, fibrosis occurs
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