Tissue Structure and Blood Pressure Control

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Questions and Answers

What are the components found in plasma proteins?

Albumin and hemoglobin

Albumin and globulins (correct)

Globulins and fibrinogen (correct)

All of the above

What is the primary function of fibrinogen in plasma proteins?

Blood clotting (correct)

Maintain fluid balance

Provide immunity

Transport hormones

Which statement accurately describes the interstitium?

It is an organ system.

It is the space between cells. (correct)

It contains primarily free-flowing fluid.

It is a type of blood plasma.

How do proteoglycans contribute to the interstitial space?

They provide structure and interact with water. Signup and view all the answers

Compare the free fluid concentration in normal tissue to that in edematous tissue.

Normal tissue has little free fluid, whereas edematous tissue has considerable free-flowing fluid. Signup and view all the answers

What component of a reflex arc interprets the afferent information?

CNS component Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the nature of reflex actions?

They can be overridden by higher brain centers. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for the transport of hormones in the plasma?

Albumin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of baroreceptors?

Detect changes in blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which level of tissue organization directly comprises multiple cell types and the extracellular matrix?

Tissue level Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the knee jerk reflex when the patellar tendon is struck?

An efferent signal triggers contraction of the quadriceps muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the extracellular matrix?

It consists of fluids and molecules secreted by cells Signup and view all the answers

In the context of overriding reflexes, which brain regions are involved?

Pre-motor cortex and motor cortex Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue fills space in the dermis of the skin?

Loose connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the nervous tissue in the skin?

Facilitates sensation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about baroreceptors?

They only function in the long-term control of blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of collagen in the extracellular matrix?

Provides structure and strength Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes cancellous bone?

It is spongy and contains mesh plates. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osteocytes in bone tissue?

To maintain the extracellular matrix Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is primarily found in the non-mineralized part of bone?

Osteoid Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes immature bone from mature bone?

Immature bone is also known as woven bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix?

To fill space and attract water Signup and view all the answers

What happens when osteoclasts break down the extracellular matrix?

They release minerals into the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

What type of structure does collagen form in bone tissue?

Triple helix structure Signup and view all the answers

What are the end products of glycolysis?

2 molecules of pyruvate and 2 ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which energy source can sustain exercise for approximately 30-60 seconds?

Anaerobic glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy source stored in the body?

Fat mass Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for promoting glycogen production from glucose?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

How does muscle mass influence basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Increases energy requirement Signup and view all the answers

During which condition is a healthy person's oral temperature likely to be below 96°F?

In cold conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT increase metabolic rate?

Malnutrition Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to heat production in the body during ATP hydrolysis?

One third of energy released by ATP hydrolysis is converted to heat Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune response?

To modify cellular behavior Signup and view all the answers

During the initial response to muscle injury, what is the first type of cell to appear at the site?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the innate immune system helps enhance inflammation by promoting leukocyte migration?

Chemokines Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence if the basement membrane is not maintained during muscle injury repair?

Increased risk of fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the regeneration phase following muscle injury?

Division of satellite cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?

T-lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is a key role of the complement system in the immune response?

To aid in phagocytosis and induce inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What factor can cause re-activation of the immune response across a person's life?

Sustained high threat levels Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Interstitial Fluid and Tissue Gel

Interstitium: space between cells
Interstitial fluid: fluid within the interstitium
Tissue gel: combination of proteoglycans and trapped fluid
Proteoglycans provide structure and interact with water to create gel
Normal tissue: little free fluid, mostly tissue gel
Edematous tissue: considerable free fluid, not trapped in proteoglycans

Neural Control of Blood Pressure

Reflex Arc
- Afferent component: input signal from receptor, sent via afferent nerve to CNS
- CNS component: interprets afferent information
- Efferent component: output signal from CNS to target, producing response
Baroreceptors
- Detect changes in blood pressure
- Critical for short-term BP homeostasis
- Rapid response (less than 1 second)

Tissue Types and Cell Injury/Adaptation/Death

Hierarchy of tissue organization
- Chemical level: atoms combine to form molecules
- Cellular level: cells composed of molecules
- Tissue level: cells and their extracellular matrix
- System level: multiple tissue types
Extracellular matrix
- Fluids and molecules secreted by cells
- Influences tissue structure and function
Extracellular matrix components
- Collagen: provides structure and strength
- Elastin: provides elasticity
- Proteoglycans: fill space, attract water, determine tissue softness

Connective Tissue: Bone

Structure of bone
- Cortical bone: tough outer layer, covered by periosteum
- Cancellous bone: spongy mesh plates, in contact with bone marrow
Cellular components
- Osteoblasts: immature bone cells, secrete extracellular matrix, become osteocytes, bone lining cells, or die via apoptosis
- Osteocytes: mature bone cells, maintain extracellular matrix, respond to mechanical loading and hormones
- Osteoclasts: break down extracellular matrix, release minerals
- Bone lining cells
Non-cellular component
- Osteoid: non-mineralized, collagen is the main protein
- Hydroxyapatite: mineralized component

Hypersensitivity

Increased immune response to an antigen causing undesirable effects

Glycolysis

End products:
- 2 pyruvate molecules
- ATP (2 ATP if glucose is used, 3 ATP if glycogen is used)

Anaerobic ATP Production

Existing ATP: ~1 second
Phosphocreatine: 5-10 seconds
Glycolysis: ~30-60 seconds

Body Energy Sources

Fat mass: most abundant
Glycogen: storage form of glucose, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney
Glucose: found in bloodstream
Protein: abundant, but not typically used for ATP production

Blood Glucose Regulation

Glycogenesis: production of glycogen from glucose
Insulin stimulates glycogenesis

Metabolism

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- Minimum energy required at rest
- Influenced by muscle mass, hormones, fever, sleep, malnutrition, sex, age
Heat production
- ATP hydrolysis releases heat
- Friction at microscopic levels produces heat
Oral temperature range
- Rest: 97-99.5°F
- Exercise: 101-104°F
- Cold: <96°F
- Rectal temperature is about 1°F greater than oral temperature
Heat loss
- Determined by blood flow and surface area
- Skin temperature varies from core temperature, acting as insulation

Innate Immunity

Components
- Exterior defenses
- Cellular components (phagocytes)
- Soluble mediators
Cytokines
- Chemokines: induce migration of leukocytes
- Interferons: produced by virally infected cells
- Acute phase proteins

Skeletal Muscle Injury Repair

Repair process
- Hemostasis and hematoma formation
- Degeneration
- Inflammation
- Regeneration
- Fibrosis
Role of basement membrane
- Must remain intact for regeneration
- Maintains structural integrity
- If damaged, fibrosis occurs

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Description

Explore the concepts of interstitial fluid, tissue gel, and neural control of blood pressure. This quiz covers the roles of proteoglycans, reflex arcs, and baroreceptors in the body. Test your understanding of tissue organization and the body's responses to injury and adaptation.