Tissue Structure and Blood Pressure Control
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Questions and Answers

What are the components found in plasma proteins?

  • Albumin and hemoglobin
  • Albumin and globulins (correct)
  • Globulins and fibrinogen (correct)
  • All of the above

    • What is the primary function of fibrinogen in plasma proteins?

  • Blood clotting (correct)
  • Maintain fluid balance
  • Provide immunity
  • Transport hormones

    • Which statement accurately describes the interstitium?

  • It is an organ system.
  • It is the space between cells. (correct)
  • It contains primarily free-flowing fluid.
  • It is a type of blood plasma.

    • How do proteoglycans contribute to the interstitial space?

    <p>They provide structure and interact with water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compare the free fluid concentration in normal tissue to that in edematous tissue.

    <p>Normal tissue has little free fluid, whereas edematous tissue has considerable free-flowing fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of a reflex arc interprets the afferent information?

    <p>CNS component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the nature of reflex actions?

    <p>They can be overridden by higher brain centers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for the transport of hormones in the plasma?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of baroreceptors?

    <p>Detect changes in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of tissue organization directly comprises multiple cell types and the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Tissue level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the knee jerk reflex when the patellar tendon is struck?

    <p>An efferent signal triggers contraction of the quadriceps muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the extracellular matrix?

    <p>It consists of fluids and molecules secreted by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of overriding reflexes, which brain regions are involved?

    <p>Pre-motor cortex and motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue fills space in the dermis of the skin?

    <p>Loose connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of the nervous tissue in the skin?

    <p>Facilitates sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about baroreceptors?

    <p>They only function in the long-term control of blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of collagen in the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Provides structure and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes cancellous bone?

    <p>It is spongy and contains mesh plates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of osteocytes in bone tissue?

    <p>To maintain the extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is primarily found in the non-mineralized part of bone?

    <p>Osteoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes immature bone from mature bone?

    <p>Immature bone is also known as woven bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix?

    <p>To fill space and attract water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when osteoclasts break down the extracellular matrix?

    <p>They release minerals into the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structure does collagen form in bone tissue?

    <p>Triple helix structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the end products of glycolysis?

    <p>2 molecules of pyruvate and 2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which energy source can sustain exercise for approximately 30-60 seconds?

    <p>Anaerobic glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy source stored in the body?

    <p>Fat mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for promoting glycogen production from glucose?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does muscle mass influence basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

    <p>Increases energy requirement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which condition is a healthy person's oral temperature likely to be below 96°F?

    <p>In cold conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT increase metabolic rate?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to heat production in the body during ATP hydrolysis?

    <p>One third of energy released by ATP hydrolysis is converted to heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune response?

    <p>To modify cellular behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the initial response to muscle injury, what is the first type of cell to appear at the site?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the innate immune system helps enhance inflammation by promoting leukocyte migration?

    <p>Chemokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence if the basement membrane is not maintained during muscle injury repair?

    <p>Increased risk of fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the regeneration phase following muscle injury?

    <p>Division of satellite cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?

    <p>T-lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of the complement system in the immune response?

    <p>To aid in phagocytosis and induce inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can cause re-activation of the immune response across a person's life?

    <p>Sustained high threat levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Interstitial Fluid and Tissue Gel

    • Interstitium: space between cells
    • Interstitial fluid: fluid within the interstitium
    • Tissue gel: combination of proteoglycans and trapped fluid
    • Proteoglycans provide structure and interact with water to create gel
    • Normal tissue: little free fluid, mostly tissue gel
    • Edematous tissue: considerable free fluid, not trapped in proteoglycans

    Neural Control of Blood Pressure

    • Reflex Arc
      • Afferent component: input signal from receptor, sent via afferent nerve to CNS
      • CNS component: interprets afferent information
      • Efferent component: output signal from CNS to target, producing response
    • Baroreceptors
      • Detect changes in blood pressure
      • Critical for short-term BP homeostasis
      • Rapid response (less than 1 second)

    Tissue Types and Cell Injury/Adaptation/Death

    • Hierarchy of tissue organization
      • Chemical level: atoms combine to form molecules
      • Cellular level: cells composed of molecules
      • Tissue level: cells and their extracellular matrix
      • System level: multiple tissue types
    • Extracellular matrix
      • Fluids and molecules secreted by cells
      • Influences tissue structure and function
    • Extracellular matrix components
      • Collagen: provides structure and strength
      • Elastin: provides elasticity
      • Proteoglycans: fill space, attract water, determine tissue softness

    Connective Tissue: Bone

    • Structure of bone
      • Cortical bone: tough outer layer, covered by periosteum
      • Cancellous bone: spongy mesh plates, in contact with bone marrow
    • Cellular components
      • Osteoblasts: immature bone cells, secrete extracellular matrix, become osteocytes, bone lining cells, or die via apoptosis
      • Osteocytes: mature bone cells, maintain extracellular matrix, respond to mechanical loading and hormones
      • Osteoclasts: break down extracellular matrix, release minerals
      • Bone lining cells
    • Non-cellular component
      • Osteoid: non-mineralized, collagen is the main protein
      • Hydroxyapatite: mineralized component

    Hypersensitivity

    • Increased immune response to an antigen causing undesirable effects

    Glycolysis

    • End products:
      • 2 pyruvate molecules
      • ATP (2 ATP if glucose is used, 3 ATP if glycogen is used)

    Anaerobic ATP Production

    • Existing ATP: ~1 second
    • Phosphocreatine: 5-10 seconds
    • Glycolysis: ~30-60 seconds

    Body Energy Sources

    • Fat mass: most abundant
    • Glycogen: storage form of glucose, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney
    • Glucose: found in bloodstream
    • Protein: abundant, but not typically used for ATP production

    Blood Glucose Regulation

    • Glycogenesis: production of glycogen from glucose
    • Insulin stimulates glycogenesis

    Metabolism

    • Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
      • Minimum energy required at rest
      • Influenced by muscle mass, hormones, fever, sleep, malnutrition, sex, age
    • Heat production
      • ATP hydrolysis releases heat
      • Friction at microscopic levels produces heat
    • Oral temperature range
      • Rest: 97-99.5°F
      • Exercise: 101-104°F
      • Cold: <96°F
      • Rectal temperature is about 1°F greater than oral temperature
    • Heat loss
      • Determined by blood flow and surface area
      • Skin temperature varies from core temperature, acting as insulation

    Innate Immunity

    • Components
      • Exterior defenses
      • Cellular components (phagocytes)
      • Soluble mediators
    • Cytokines
      • Chemokines: induce migration of leukocytes
      • Interferons: produced by virally infected cells
      • Acute phase proteins

    Skeletal Muscle Injury Repair

    • Repair process
      • Hemostasis and hematoma formation
      • Degeneration
      • Inflammation
      • Regeneration
      • Fibrosis
    • Role of basement membrane
      • Must remain intact for regeneration
      • Maintains structural integrity
      • If damaged, fibrosis occurs

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    Description

    Explore the concepts of interstitial fluid, tissue gel, and neural control of blood pressure. This quiz covers the roles of proteoglycans, reflex arcs, and baroreceptors in the body. Test your understanding of tissue organization and the body's responses to injury and adaptation.

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