Tipos de Software

Software Types

• Software is the logical part of a computer system.
• System software: manages computer hardware.
• Application software: programs used by users.
• Programming software: programs that allow users to create other software.
  • Includes editors, compilers, interpreters, debuggers, and IDEs.

Introduction

• Software is a set of programs that run on a computer
• A program is a set of instructions that execute information. All tasks performed using a computer are made up of instructions that are executed.
• Programs
• System software is a support software that is critical for programs to run. Without it a high-quality piece of hardware would have no utility

Types of Software

• System software: manages computer hardware.
  • The operating system, device drivers, diagnostic tools, optimization tools, and other administrative utilities.
• Programming software: programs that allow users to create other software.
  • Editors, compilers, interpreters, debuggers, and IDEs
• Application software: programs used by users.
  • Different types of applications based on the intended use of the user (e.g. medical, legal, general-purpose software for everyday use

Components of an Operating System

• Kernel: The core of the operating system that interacts directly with the hardware
• Services: Provide different functionality (e.g., memory, process, device managers)
• Shell (or command interpreter): allows users to interact with the OS through commands.

History of Operating Systems

• First generation (1940s-1950s): vacuum tubes, and panels. The programmer had complete control of the system.
• Second generation (1956-1963): transistors and batch systems. Operators began to manage jobs in batches to improve efficiency
• Third generation (1963-1979): integrated circuits and multiprocessing. This is where more tasks were allowed to execute simultaneously, boosting efficiency
• Fourth generation (1980s-present): personal computers and distributed systems. User-friendliness improvements were significant, along with advancements in network and distributed systems.

Functions of an Operating System

• Process management: creation, termination, and scheduling of processes. Also managing critical sections.
• Memory management: allocating and deallocating memory, managing memory spaces.
• I/O management: managing input and output operations. Coordinate all E/S devices.

API (Application Programming Interface)

• An interface through which programs interact with the operating system.
• Exposes system services (resources) for applications

Process Management

• Process: A running program.
• Components: instruction code, data, and stack.
• The operating system controls how these resources are used,
• Creating, terminating, scheduling, managing critical sections

Process States

• New
• Ready
• Running
• Blocked
• Terminated

Process Scheduling

• CPU scheduling techniques
• Non-preemptive scheduling: If a process is granted the CPU, it keeps it until it’s finished or blocks
• Preemptive scheduling: OS takes control and gives the CPU to another process

Types of Process Scheduling Algorithms

• First-come, first-served (FCFS)
• Shortest job first (SJF)
• Shortest remaining time first (SRTF)
• Round Robin (RR)

Memory Management

• Memory allocation
• Memory protection
• Memory management (allocation and deallocation, protection, and sharing mechanisms).
• Handling fragmentation
• Various methods for handling continuous and non-continuous memory allocation

Virtualization

• Virtualization provides a simulated computer environment for running multiple guest OS’s.
• Allows multiple systems to share the same physical resources.
• Different types of virtualization
• Hardware virtualization
• System virtualization
• Ex: Oracle VirtualBox, or VMware.

File System Management

• Managing files and directories on storage devices, providing mechanisms to manipulate and access them.
• Access controls (reading/writing privileges), file integrity assurance, and storage management.

I/O Management

• Handles communications between the CPU/ Memory and peripheral devices.
• Techniques:
  • Interrupts
  • Direct Memory Access (DMA)

Additional Topics

• Sandbox: Provides a contained environment to run software with restricted access to the system.

Este cuestionario explora os diferentes tipos de software, incluíndo software de sistema, software de aplicación e software de programación. A comprensión destes conceptos é esencial para a administración e desenvolvemento de sistemas informáticos. Proporciona unha visión xeral das funcións e ferramentas que cada tipo de software implica.