Time Course of Error Detection in ERP Studies

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Questions and Answers

What does the error-related negativity (ERN) mainly reflect?

  • A motivational significance of events (correct)
  • Sensory feedback from the environment
  • A delay in error correction responses
  • Proprioceptive information about the body

Which brain region is primarily associated with the source of the error-related negativity (ERN)?

  • Anterior cingulate cortex (correct)
  • Hippocampus
  • Occipital cortex
  • Frontal lobe

What is the estimated time frame for the peak of the ERN after the response?

  • 100 msec
  • 80 msec
  • 60 msec (correct)
  • 50 msec

What factor is assumed to not influence the peak timing of the ERN?

<p>Sensory information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive mechanism is suggested to explain the ERN?

<p>Error-detection mechanism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) relate to the error-related negativity (ERN)?

<p>They show a temporal relationship in error correction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the presence of an internal 'error signal'?

<p>It serves to compare internal goals with predicted outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the research suggest about error correction in cognitive processes?

<p>It is one of the fastest cognitive processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym ERN stand for in the context of error processing?

<p>Error Related Negativity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the ANOVA, what was the mean amplitude for errors at electrode Cz?

<p>-2.4 ± 3.3 μV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ERN conflict-detection model suggest about the ERN?

<p>It reflects the degree of response conflict experienced by subjects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of error correction, what does LRP stand for?

<p>Lateralized Readiness Potential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long after the response did the error-LRP show significant positivity?

<p>128 msec (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which task was used to investigate error correction in the subjects?

<p>The Eriksen flanker task. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant interaction found in the ANOVA related to error responses?

<p>Electrode x Trial Type (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were the trials structured in the experiment concerning compatible and incompatible trials?

<p>40% compatible and 60% incompatible. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Eriksen flanker task?

<p>To focus on the letter in the center of a visual array. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the latency period for the onset of correct-LRP?

<p>120 msec (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative LRP indicate in the context of error correction?

<p>Improper motor preparation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic information is provided about the subjects in the study?

<p>They consisted of both genders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What statistical test was used to determine the significant interval for the correct-LRP?

<p>T-test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which letters were used as target letters in the Eriksen flanker task?

<p>H and S. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of anterior cingulate activity in relation to ERNs?

<p>It correlates with the degree of motor conflict experienced. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compensation was provided to the subjects for their participation in the study?

<p>They were paid for their participation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the anterior cingulate cortex play in the discussed error-correction mechanism?

<p>It is involved in conscious detection and motor command release. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do on-line corrections in the double-step paradigm function regarding target displacement detection?

<p>They occur even without conscious detection of target displacement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the differences in the error-correction mechanisms being compared?

<p>They differ in their functional characteristics and brain systems involved. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of brain potentials did Kutas and Donchin study in their research?

<p>Movement-related brain potentials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about error signalling responses is false?

<p>Error signalling only occurs in visual tasks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the error-correction mechanism discussed in the investigation?

<p>It involves the intentional use of the contralateral limb. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of error correction, what does the term 'visually guided reaching' refer to?

<p>Reaching movements that rely heavily on sight. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one functional characteristic that distinguishes the error-correction mechanism in this investigation?

<p>It engages specific brain systems depending on consciousness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of the control experiment mentioned?

<p>Analyzing the motor command preparation time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many subjects participated in the control study?

<p>Eight right-handed subjects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of responses were analyzed in the control experiment?

<p>Only correct trials. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was used as a reference for the EEG recordings?

<p>Algebraic mean of the activity at the mastoid electrodes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the digitization rate of the EEG recordings?

<p>250 Hz. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT included in the EEG recordings?

<p>Analyses of erroneous responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method was employed to record eye movements during the experiment?

<p>By means of bipolar montages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the age range of the subjects participating in the control study?

<p>23 ⫾ 2.1 years. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What region of the brain is primarily associated with automatic error corrections in movements?

<p>Posterior parietal cortex (PPC) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of corrections can a patient with bilateral lesions of the PPC still make?

<p>Deliberate slow corrections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the proposed model by Desmurget and Grafton, what role does the PPC play in error correction?

<p>It predicts the movement end point. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region processes discrepancies between expected and actual movement positions?

<p>Posterior parietal cortex (PPC) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate destination of the error signal generated by the PPC?

<p>Cerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the medial frontal cortex in error processing?

<p>Detecting and processing conflicts and errors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the neural network involved in error detection is correct?

<p>It includes both cortical and subcortical structures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of motor learning is associated with 'error' potentials observed in the limbic cortex?

<p>Error monitoring during performance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Error-Related Negativity (ERN)

A negative ERP (Event-Related Potential) component that appears shortly after an error is made, typically within 60 milliseconds.

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)

A brain region heavily involved in error processing and monitoring.

Error-Detection Model

A model explaining the ERN as a mechanism that detects errors by comparing intended actions with actual outcomes.

Feedforward Control Mechanism

The ERN is thought to be triggered by a feedforward control mechanism that compares the predicted consequences of a movement with internal goals.

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Efference Copy

A copy of the motor command sent to the muscles is also sent to the brain for comparison with the intended action.

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Lateralized Readiness Potential (LRP)

A neural signal that reflects the preparation and execution of a planned movement, particularly measured in the motor cortex.

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Error Correction

A neural mechanism involved in correcting errors, often associated with changes in motor behavior.

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Time Course of Error Processing

The timing of the LRP and ERN can be used to infer the time course of error detection and correction processes.

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Conflict-Detection Model

A theory that suggests the ERN reflects the level of conflict a person experiences when making a decision.

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Electroencephalography (EEG)

A measure used in research to observe brain activity related to errors.

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Eriksen Flanker Task

An experimental task designed to measure cognitive control, requiring subjects to focus on a target letter within a set of letters.

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Compatible Trials

Trials in which the surrounding letters (flankers) match the target letter, making the task easier.

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Incompatible Trials

Trials in which the surrounding letters (flankers) conflict with the target letter, making the task harder.

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Reaction Time

The amount of time it takes for a person to respond to a stimulus.

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Bimanual Condition

A research technique where a participant performs two tasks simultaneously, using both hands. This allows researchers to study how the brain manages multiple actions at once.

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Response Latency (LRP)

The time it takes to prepare and initiate a motor response. It's measured as the latency of a specific electrical brainwave called the Lateralized Readiness Potential (LRP).

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Switch Response

In this experiment, a second response is initiated after the first response is completed. The second response is considered a 'switch' because it changes the planned action.

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Control Experiment

This is a type of experiment designed to understand how the brain prepares for and executes actions, particularly when there are two possible responses.

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Error-Corrective LRP

This refers to the brain activity associated with preparing and executing a correction to an already initiated action. In other words, it's how the brain changes its plan when a mistake is made.

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)

The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a neuro-imaging technique used to record electrical activity in the brain. It allows researchers to study brain activity related to different cognitive processes, including motor preparation.

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Scalp Electrodes

This refers to the electrodes used to record electrical activity in the brain during an EEG. They are placed on the scalp according to the 10/20 system, which ensures consistent placement across participants.

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Error-Detection Latency

The time interval between when an error is made and when the brain detects the mistake.

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Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC)

A brain region that plays a key role in planning and executing movements.

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PPC-Cerebellum Error Correction Model

An error correction model that suggests the PPC monitors movements, detects errors, and sends signals to the cerebellum to correct them.

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Error Detection

This occurs when the brain compares planned actions with actual outcomes and detects discrepancies, triggering corrective actions.

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Study Notes

Time Course of Error Detection and Correction in Humans

  • Healthy human subjects were studied using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to understand how errors are detected and corrected.
  • A model of feedforward error correction was used to predict the timing of errors and corrective actions.
  • Error-related negativity (ERN) appears immediately after errors in response- and stimulus-locked averages.
  • Lateralized readiness potential (LRP) reflects motor preparation.
  • Comparing ERN and LRP onset/timing reveals that corrective activity precedes the ERN.
  • Error correction is a rapid cognitive process, with corrective movements triggered as soon as the evaluation system identifies an error.
  • The amplitude of ERN increases with fast corrective movements.
  • ERN's source is likely in the anterior cingulate cortex.
  • Two models explain the ERN: error-detection or conflict-detection.

Error Correction

  • The conflict-detection model proposes that ERNs reflect the evaluative nature of the anterior cingulate.
  • ERNs may index a general evaluative system processing event significance, including error and response conflicts.

Materials and Methods

  • Sixteen right-handed subjects (mean age 24.6 years) participated.
  • The Eriksen flanker task was used to elicit errors and corrective movements.
  • Subjects responded with their right or left hand based on a central target letter (H or S) flanked by other letters.
  • Error trials were 40% compatible and 60% incompatible.
  • Some trials presented a degraded target to manipulate the perceptual quality of the stimulus for controlling the quality of information.
  • Electroencephalogram (EEG) data from 29 scalp locations was collected.
  • ERPs were averaged for correct responses, incorrect responses, and corrective responses to understand the detailed time course of error detection and correction.
  • A low-pass filter (8Hz) was applied.
  • A significant number of error trials (at least 100) were collected per subject.
  • Control experiments (unilateral vs bilateral movements) were conducted to compare ERN/LRP to error correction activities.

Time Course of Error Correction

  • The onset of the corrective-LRP precedes the onset of the correct-LRP.
  • Corrective actions appear to start earlier than correct response preparations.
  • Corrective responses were analyzed with different reaction times (fast vs slow) to study how the reaction time impacts the processes.

Factors Affecting Error Correction

  • ERN component amplitude appeared to correlate with reaction time speed of error correction.
  • When the stimulus quality (e.g. stimulus degradation) was reduced, error detection and correction latency were delayed.

Conclusion

  • Error correction happens before or concurrently with ERN detection.
  • The ERN's amplitude relates to motor conflict.
  • Error-correction mechanism appears to proceed independently of conscious error detection (in some cases).

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