PREZ 1.

Tim Berners-Lee and the World Wide Web

• Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989
• The aim of the WWW was to provide rapid, online access to technical reports and information at CERN.
• Berners-Lee's vision included computers analyzing all web data to facilitate interactions between humans and machines.

Web 3.0

• Web 3.0 is the next generation of the Web which aims at giving them greater control over their data and privacy
• The three pillars of Web 3.0 are the Semantic Web, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Natural Language Processing (NLP).
• Semantic Web organizes Internet data so machines understand it like humans.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) enables machines to learn and perform human tasks like pattern recognition.
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) enables computers to extract meaning from human language.

Semantic Web Definition

• The Semantic Web is a "web of data" for machines to understand the meaning of online information.
• Semantic Web expands web pages with machine-readable metadata to allow intelligent agent access.

Web Search Process Example

• The typical web search process involves transportation like flight/train, hotel, and car rental.
• It also includes other information, such as weather, restaurants, and maps
• Visiting multiple websites with different styles, purposes, and languages causes fatigue.
• Real data is hidden in databases, XML files, and Excel sheets, and only website designs are visible.
• Users would like to use web data the same way documents are used

Mashup Sites

• Mashup sites combine data, presentation, and functionality from multiple sources to create new services, such as www.tripit.com
• Mashup sites use ad-hoc tasks because sources expose data through different web services, each with different APIs, logic, and structures.
• It necessitates "reinventing the wheel" due to a lack of a uniform approach.

Current Web Characteristics

• In the current web, documents are created and URIs assigned for accessibility.
• Site importance increases with more links, which influences search engine rankings.
• Computers handle presentation, while humans interpret information is the reason why computers can't handle more complex tasks.
• Terms often have ambiguous meanings and require contextualization.
• Semantics is easily accessible to humans but not to computers.

Syntactic Web Issues and Solutions

• The syntactic web has limitations regarding information extraction and understanding
• Even with XML, computers struggle to extract the necessary information due to a lack of context.
• Questions about a webpage, like university affiliation or location, are implicit and cannot be inferred by machines.
• Additional information must be added to links and data in a standardized, computer-understandable way.

Web of Data Functionality

• Functionality includes publishing data using standard methods and assigning URIs to data.
• It enables links to URIs from other data sources, using standard approaches.

Data Integration

• The combination of datasets from different sources, formats, and relationships can be integrated because URIs are identical
• Additional information can be added using common terminology.
• New relationships can be discovered, and it becomes more powerful with extra knowledge like bibliographic data types and geographic information.

Semantic Web Requirements

• The Semantic Web relies on formal languages, formal rules, corresponding technologies, efficient tools, and ontologies.
• Formal languages, understood by machines, describe data and their connections.
• Formal rules allow machines to extract information, and someone must create ontologies to describe various data types.

Semantics

• Semantics, derived from the Greek word "semantiké," refers to the art of meaning.
• Semantics involve the aspects of meaning expressed in a language, code, or other form of representation.

Ontology

• Ontology, in philosophy, studies being and existence, aiming to understand existing entities and types.
• Key questions in ontology include the existence of objects, properties, and how things should be classified
• Aristotle's Ontology is an example of ontology.

Ontology in Computer Science

• In computer science, an ontology is an engineering artifact comprising a specific vocabulary used to describe a reality.
• An ontology includes explicit assumptions about the intended meaning of the vocabulary.
• It provides a shared understanding of the domain and enables machine manipulation of that understanding

Django Platform

• Django is a free, open-source platform written in Python and maintained by the Django Software Foundation (DSF).
• It promotes rapid, clean, and pragmatic development, following the MVC (Model-View-Controller) software design pattern.

Django Features

• Django uses the MVC pattern (Model-View-Template) and includes an ORM for data processing.
• It uses automation, adhering to the DRY principle and a template system.
• It includes an Admin system for CRUD operations and has elegant URL routing.
• Django comes with a built-in lightweight web server for testing and allows custom middleware.
• Offers features for authentication, internationalization, and caching.

Django Architecture and Project Structure

• Django's architecture includes Models, Views, Templates, and a Controller (URL dispatcher).
• The project folder contains manage.py, project package, settings.py, urls.py, and wsgi.py
• Every app contains templates, models, admin, and forms, it defines and defines the particular application

Django Settings Attributes

• The settings.py file overrides global settings and includes key attributes such as DEBUG, DATABASES ENGINE, and ROOT_URLCONF
• It contains MEDIA_ROOT, MEDIA_URL, STATIC_ROOT, STATIC_URL and TEMPLATE_DIRS.

Running Django

• Django can be run using PyCharm through Run/Run ‘project’ or using Command Line tools
• The project folder is accessed via python manage.py runserver

Django Templates

• Creating a template helps define how data is displayed and use tags to insert such data
• Static files can be located within predefined templates with subfolders

Django Forms

• The request object of type HttpRequest allows access to data received by the web server via attributes
• HTTP data can be accessed by defining a view in request.META
• Forms are HTML elements used to send/receive data from the client to the server.
• A form template can be created with input fileds to allow sending data with a submit button