Tim Berners-Lee and the World Wide Web
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Questions and Answers

What year did Tim Berners-Lee launch the World Wide Web at CERN?

  • 2000
  • 1991 (correct)
  • 1989
  • 1994

    • Which program did Tim Berners-Lee write in 1980 to connect CERN academics?

  • ENQUIRE (correct)
  • INFORM
  • CONNECT
  • LINK

    • What was one of the main purposes of Tim Berners-Lee's 1989 proposal titled 'Information Management: A Proposal'?

  • To develop an online shopping platform
  • To outline a linked hypertext data system (correct)
  • To create a new operating system
  • To guide internet security protocols

    • Which title was bestowed upon Tim Berners-Lee in 2004 by Queen Elizabeth II?

    <p>Sir (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant challenge did Berners-Lee identify while working at CERN that led to his development of the web?

    <p>The communication demands of multilingual staff (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of Tim Berners-Lee's vision regarding the World Wide Web?

    <p>To ensure universal access to documents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did Tim Berners-Lee first return to CERN as a fellow after leaving in 1980?

    <p>1984 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important development in computing occurred at the company where Berners-Lee's parents worked?

    <p>Development of the Mark I computer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary field of study for Peter Higgs?

    <p>Physics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which particle is associated with Peter Higgs's theory of mass?

    <p>Higgs boson (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do synapses primarily play according to Eric Kandel's research?

    <p>Memory and learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant environmental issue did Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland address?

    <p>Ozone layer depletion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Lap-Chee Tsui discover that was significant for cystic fibrosis treatment?

    <p>A faulty gene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did Mae Carol Jemison go into orbit on the space shuttle?

    <p>1992 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique was developed by Donna Strickland in collaboration with Gerard Mourou?

    <p>Chirped pulse amplification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Nobel Prize did Carol Greider receive, and with whom?

    <p>Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Blackburn and Szostak (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of laser technology is associated with Donna Strickland's research?

    <p>Chirped pulse amplification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the discovery of the Higgs boson?

    <p>The world's largest scientific project, the LHC (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of Tim Berners-Lee's manifesto published after the World Wide Web went live?

    <p>To provide detailed instructions for building websites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two technologies did Tim Berners-Lee develop that were fundamental to the function of the World Wide Web?

    <p>HTML and HTTP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Tim Berners-Lee's decision to place the World Wide Web into the public domain impact its development?

    <p>It fostered rapid development and accessibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was J.C.R. Licklider's contribution to computer technology in the early 1960s?

    <p>He commissioned the Arpanet project (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory did Fred Hoyle propose, which was later largely discredited?

    <p>The Steady State Theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Katherine Johnson have in NASA's early space missions?

    <p>She calculated trajectories for space flights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding Yvonne Brill's work with NASA?

    <p>She developed propulsion systems for unmanned spacecraft (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Abdus Salam's electroweak theory propose?

    <p>A connection between weak interaction and electromagnetism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant discovery did Vera Rubin make regarding galaxies in the 1970s?

    <p>Every galaxy has a halo of dark matter affecting its gravitational pull (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Tim Berners-Lee's invention transform communication and commerce globally?

    <p>It allowed for email communication and electronic transactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the significant political and social ambitions of Tim Berners-Lee for the World Wide Web?

    <p>To develop it as a democratic space that benefits everyone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Irene Uchida is true?

    <p>She conducted research on the effect of X-rays on chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the context of the term 'Big Bang' as used by Fred Hoyle?

    <p>As a disparaging reference to the competing theory of cosmic origins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event marked the official launch of the World Wide Web?

    <p>First webpage publication on August 6, 1991 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    World Wide Web inventor

    Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist, created the World Wide Web.

    WWW launch year

    The World Wide Web was launched in 1991.

    ENQUIRE program

    ENQUIRE was a program that connected CERN researchers and their projects.

    Hypertext data system

    The World Wide Web is based on a system connecting documents with links.

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    WWW components

    The World Wide Web includes HTML, HTTP, and early browsers.

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    CERN's role

    CERN, a European research lab, was a key location for the web's development.

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    Early internet access

    In the early days, the internet was mostly used by academics and the government.

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    Tim Berners-Lee's vision

    Berners-Lee wanted a globally accessible and democratic web.

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    Higgs boson

    A subatomic particle predicted by Peter Higgs' theory of mass origin.

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    Higgs field

    A field that permeates space and allows particles to gain mass.

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    CFCs

    Chlorofluorocarbon compounds that deplete the ozone layer.

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    Ozone Layer

    Protective layer in the atmosphere that absorbs UV radiation.

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    Cystic fibrosis

    A life-threatening disease causing thick mucus buildup, mainly affecting lungs.

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    Chirped pulse amplification (CPA)

    Technique to create extremely short and intense laser pulses.

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    Telomeres

    DNA segments at chromosome ends that affect cell lifespan.

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    Telomerase

    Enzyme that maintains telomere length in cells.

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    Synapses

    Nerve junctions important for memory and learning.

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    Nobel Prize

    Prestigious award recognizing outstanding contributions to science.

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    World Wide Web (WWW)

    An information system where documents and other web resources are interconnected by hyperlinks, enabling users to access them through the internet using a browser.

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    HTML

    HyperText Markup Language; a standard for coding webpages so any computer can display them.

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    HTTP

    HyperText Transfer Protocol; a language that lets browsers talk to web servers.

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    Tim Berners-Lee

    Creator of the World Wide Web.

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    Open Access

    Making information available freely on the internet.

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    Arpanet

    Early network that connected research computers, a precursor to the internet.

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    Internet

    Global system of interconnected computer networks.

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    Down Syndrome

    Genetic condition caused by an extra chromosome 21.

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    Electroweak theory

    Theory unifying weak and electromagnetic forces.

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    Steady State Theory

    Universe's average density remains constant as new matter is created.

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    Big Bang Theory

    Theory of how universe began.

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    Katherine Johnson

    Mathematician who calculated trajectories for space missions.

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    Vera Rubin

    Astronomer who discovered fast-moving outer stars in galaxies.

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    J.C.R. Licklider

    Early computer pioneer who commissioned Arpanet.

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    Study Notes

    Tim Berners-Lee and the World Wide Web

    • Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, a multimedia platform accessible via the internet, in 1991.
    • He made the web freely available to the world.
    • In 1980, he created ENQUIRE, a program connecting CERN academics and enabling early information sharing.
    • He proposed the World Wide Web in 1989, including the concepts of HTML (hypertext markup language) and HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol).
    • HTML allows computers to display webpages, and HTTP facilitates communication between browsers and web servers.
    • The web's initial release included detailed instructions for programmers to create their websites on April 30, 1991.
    • Berners-Lee received a knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in 2004 for his contribution to internet development.
    • The web is used for communication, business, and shopping globally.
    • Berners-Lee advocated for a fair and open web, despite the increase in political and commercial interests.
    • The Web has more than 4 billion users today.
    • He chose not to receive royalties from his creation.

    Other Scientists and Their Contributions

    • J.C.R. Licklider: Early advocate for computer power.
      • He commissioned Arpanet (predecessor to the internet) in 1963 which connected research computers and defined transfer procedures by 1978.
    • Fred Hoyle: Astrophysicist who studied element origin in stars and supported the steady state theory (later discredited).
    • Katherine Johnson: Mathematician important for calculating trajectories for space missions including the Apollo 11 Moon mission, working for NASA.
    • Irene Uchida: Medical geneticist who studied genetic conditions and chromosome differences.
    • Yvonne Brill: Inventor of a propulsion system for spacecraft. worked on weather satellite thrusters, rocket designs, and the Mars observer.
    • Abdus Salam: Developed the electroweak theory (explained weak interaction and unification with electromagnetic force). He received the Nobel Prize in 1979
    • Vera Rubin: Astronomer who discovered that stars in outer galaxies move as fast as those near the center. Her work indicated the existence of dark matter.
    • Peter Higgs: Developed a theory on the origin of elementary particle mass. His prediction of the Higgs boson was later confirmed at CERN, earning him a Nobel Prize in 2013.
    • Eric Kandel: Studied the cellular basis of behavior. Shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research on synapses in memory and learning, utilizing sea slugs
    • Mario Molina: Chemical engineer who, with Sherwood Rowland, demonstrated CFC damage to the ozone layer, contributing to a ban on CFCs . He received the Nobel prize.
    • Lap-Chee Tsui: Medical geneticist who identified a faulty gene responsible for cystic fibrosis.
    • Mae Carol Jemison: First African American woman in space, worked as a space shuttle science mission specialist.
    • Donna Strickland: Optical physicist who developed the chirped pulse amplification (CPA) technique and received a Nobel Prize in 2018 for this.
    • Carol Greider: Molecular biologist, researched telomeres and telomerase. Shared a Nobel Prize for her contribution in this field

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    Description

    Explore the groundbreaking innovations of Tim Berners-Lee, who invented the World Wide Web. Learn about his journey from creating ENQUIRE to proposing the world-changing web technologies like HTML and HTTP. This quiz highlights Berners-Lee's vision for a fair and open internet.

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