71 Questions
What is the primary role of a tick's chelicerae and hypostome?
To attach to the host and feed on its blood
Which type of tick is known to transmit Lyme disease to humans?
Ixodes scapularis
What type of parasites are ticks?
Ectoparasites
Where are ticks often found?
In tall grass
What is the term for the study of the relationship between parasites and their hosts?
Parasitology
What is the primary mode of introduction of Sporothrix schenckii?
Through skin trauma
What is the characteristic of the lesions formed in Sporotrichosis?
They are fluid-filled and itchy
Which of the following is a common occupation of people affected by Sporotrichosis?
Gardener
What is the treatment approach for Sporotrichosis?
Topical and oral antifungal medications
Where is Sporothrix schenckii typically found?
In soil and decaying vegetation
What is the importance of quickly identifying C.auris in a hospitalized patient?
To take special precautions to stop the spread of its infections
Why is Candida commonly found adhering to implanted medical devices?
Because of its ability to form biofilms on various biomaterials
What is a key feature of mature biofilms produced by Candida?
The production of extracellular matrix
What is the significance of biofilm formation by Candida?
It makes the fungus more resilient to environmental insults
What type of materials are able to support biofilm formation by Candida?
A variety of biomaterials used in clinical practice
What is the purpose of removing the infected device in patients with Candida biofilm infections?
To eradicate the Candida biofilm, which is resistant to drug therapies
What is a consequence of not successfully treating Candida biofilm infections?
Development of bloodstream infections and invasive fungal infections with high risks of mortality
What is a challenge in the treatment of fungal diseases?
Limited number of antifungal drug targets that do not cause host toxicity
What is an important aspect of fungal pathogenesis?
All of the above
What is an example of an important fungal disease?
Histoplasmosis
Why is antifungal drug stewardship important?
To prevent the spread of antifungal drug resistance
What is the primary site of infection for dimorphic systemic mycoses?
Pulmonary
Which of the following fungi is NOT a primary pathogen?
Aspergillus fumigatus
What is the name of the disease caused by the fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis?
Blastomycosis
Why are opportunistic fungal infections on the rise?
Increase in the number of people who have become immunocompromised
What is the mode of infection for Aspergillus spores?
Inhalation of spores
Which of the following is a characteristic of dimorphic fungi?
They can change from mold to yeast form
What is the mortality rate of untreated disseminated coccidioidomycosis?
50%
Which of the following groups is most susceptible to opportunistic fungal infections?
All of the above
What is the primary treatment for aspergillosis?
I.V. antifungals
Which of the following is a common manifestation of paracoccidioidomycosis?
Cutaneous symptoms
What type of skin structures are degraded by enzymes produced by dermatophytes?
Keratin, elastin, and collagen
Which of the following dermatophyte species is common?
Trichophyton sp.
What is the typical appearance of tinea corporis lesions?
Clearing, scaly center with raised red edges
What is the duration of topical treatment for tinea corporis?
2-4 weeks
Which of the following is a type of tinea infection?
All of the above
What is the common name for tinea pedis?
Athlete's foot
Which of the following antifungal medications is used to treat tinea corporis?
All of the above
Why are millions of dollars spent annually to treat tinea infections?
Because they are troublesome and not serious
What is unique about dimorphic fungi?
They can change form from mold to yeast
What is the primary site of infection for Histoplasma capsulatum?
Pulmonary
Why are opportunistic fungal infections on the rise?
Due to an increase in people with compromised immune systems
What is the mode of infection for Aspergillus spores?
Through inhalation
What is the characteristic of Paracoccidioidomycosis?
It is restricted to Central and South America
What is the significance of Cryptococcus neoformans?
It is an opportunistic pathogen
What is the primary treatment for Aspergillosis?
I.V. antifungal therapy
What is the importance of Itraconazole in the treatment of fungal infections?
It is used for Dimorphic Systemic Mycoses
What is the ability of intestinal nematodes that helps them evade the host immune response?
Ability to change antigenic properties
Which intestinal nematode is the most common helminthic infection worldwide, affecting approximately 1 billion people?
Ascaris lumbricoides
How are Necator americanus (hookworms) transmitted to humans?
Through the skin when walking barefoot in contaminated soil
What is the primary effect of adult hookworms in the small bowel?
They suck blood from the mucosa
What is the common name of Taenia saginata?
Beef tapeworm
How do humans get infected with Toxocara canis?
Through ingesting eggs in contaminated soil
What is the effect of hookworm infection on children?
It reduces their development
Why is it important to keep pets wormed?
To prevent humans from getting infected with Toxocara canis
What is the mortality rate of individuals infected with systemic candidiasis?
>40%
What is the most common species of Candida yeast that causes infection in humans?
Candida albicans
What is the characteristic of Candida albicans that distinguishes it from dimorphic fungi?
It forms hyphae at 37°C
What is the significance of Candida auris?
It is a multidrug-resistant fungus
What is the source of infection for most cases of candidiasis?
Endogenous source
What is the challenge in identifying Candida auris in laboratories?
It requires specialized technology
What is the relationship between diabetes and candidiasis?
Diabetes is a risk factor for candidiasis
What is the significance of the incidence of non-albicans Candida species?
It is increasing
What is the primary goal of removing the infected device in patients with Candida biofilm infections?
To eradicate the fungal infection
What is a major challenge in treating fungal diseases?
Limited number of antifungal drug targets
What is a characteristic of dimorphic fungi?
Ability to change morphology
What is the consequence of not successfully treating Candida biofilm infections?
Increased risk of bloodstream infections
What is an important aspect of fungal pathogenesis?
All of the above
What is a common feature of important fungal diseases?
All of the above
What is the challenge in antifungal drug therapy?
Limited number of antifungal drug targets
What is the importance of antifungal drug stewardship?
To prevent the spread of antifungal drug resistance
Learn about the biology and behavior of ticks, including their role as ectoparasites, feeding habits, and transmission of diseases like Lyme disease. Test your knowledge of these blood-feeding parasites and their impact on humans.
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