19 Questions
What is the most important environmental risk factor for papillary carcinoma of the thyroid?
Iodine deficiency
Which type of thyroid carcinoma is characterized by mutations in TP53 and has poor prognosis factors such as age >40, extrathyroid extension, and distant metastases?
Anaplastic carcinoma
Which pathway do the follicular cell–derived malignancies cluster along, downstream of growth factor receptors and RAS?
(MAP) kinase pathway
What is the most common form of thyroid cancer that presents with painless neck mass and has high 10-year survival rates?
Papillary carcinoma
What is the most common thyroid carcinoma?
Papillary carcinoma
Which criteria increase the possibility of a thyroid nodule being malignant?
A history of radiation
What is the main pathogenesis of toxic adenomas?
TSH receptor (TSHR) and (GNAS)
What are the majority of adenomas derived from?
Follicular epithelium
How do most toxic adenomas appear relative to the adjacent normal thyroid gland?
Cold nodules
Which thyroid carcinoma is associated with the presence of isolated cervical node metastases that do not significantly influence prognosis?
Papillary carcinoma
What environmental factor is most strongly associated with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid?
Ionizing radiation
Which form of thyroid cancer presents with a painless neck mass and has high 10-year survival rates?
Papillary carcinoma
Which gene mutations are specifically associated with familial medullary thyroid carcinomas in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN-2)?
RET
Which pathway do the follicular cell–derived malignancies cluster along, downstream of growth factor receptors and RAS?
(MAP) kinase pathway
Which characteristic is associated with the majority of adenomas?
Nonfunctional
What is the most common form of thyroid carcinoma?
Papillary carcinoma
Which criteria increase the possibility of a thyroid nodule being malignant?
Nodules in very young patients
What is the main pathogenesis of toxic adenomas?
TSH receptor (TSHR) and GNAS mutations
What is the characteristic morphology of adenomas?
Well-circumscribed round to oval nodule with thin capsule
Test your knowledge about benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms, including adenomas, toxic adenomas, papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, and anaplastic carcinoma.
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