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What is the mechanism of action of thyroid hormone replacement?
What is the mechanism of action of thyroid hormone replacement?
What is the primary therapeutic use of antithyroid agents?
What is the primary therapeutic use of antithyroid agents?
What are the potential adverse effects of thyroid hormone replacement treatment?
What are the potential adverse effects of thyroid hormone replacement treatment?
What is the mechanism of action of radioactive iodine (RAI)?
What is the mechanism of action of radioactive iodine (RAI)?
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What is the primary drug used for thyroid hormone replacement?
What is the primary drug used for thyroid hormone replacement?
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What are two commonly used antithyroid agents?
What are two commonly used antithyroid agents?
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Antithyroid agents are generally used to treat hypothyroidism.
Antithyroid agents are generally used to treat hypothyroidism.
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What are the main potential adverse effects of antithyroid agents?
What are the main potential adverse effects of antithyroid agents?
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Thyroid hormone replacement therapy is typically prescribed for hyperthyroidism.
Thyroid hormone replacement therapy is typically prescribed for hyperthyroidism.
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What is the most common adverse effect of bisphosphonates?
What is the most common adverse effect of bisphosphonates?
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Calcitonin salmon is a type of bisphosphonate used for Paget's disease.
Calcitonin salmon is a type of bisphosphonate used for Paget's disease.
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Match the following medications with their primary therapeutic uses:
Match the following medications with their primary therapeutic uses:
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Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic use of thyroid hormone replacement?
Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic use of thyroid hormone replacement?
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What is the mechanism of action for synthetic thyroxine (T4, T3, or both)?
What is the mechanism of action for synthetic thyroxine (T4, T3, or both)?
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Thyroid hormone replacement can cause skin reactions and loss of hair.
Thyroid hormone replacement can cause skin reactions and loss of hair.
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What are two examples of antithyroid agents?
What are two examples of antithyroid agents?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential adverse effect of antithyroid agents?
Which of the following is NOT a potential adverse effect of antithyroid agents?
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What is the mechanism of action for radioactive iodine (RAI) in treating thyroid cancer?
What is the mechanism of action for radioactive iodine (RAI) in treating thyroid cancer?
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A common side effect of using antihypercalcemic agents for Paget's disease is an increased risk of femoral shaft fractures.
A common side effect of using antihypercalcemic agents for Paget's disease is an increased risk of femoral shaft fractures.
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What is the primary mechanism of action for Calcitonin?
What is the primary mechanism of action for Calcitonin?
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What are three main functions that calcium is involved in?
What are three main functions that calcium is involved in?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of using bisphosphonates to treat Paget's disease?
Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of using bisphosphonates to treat Paget's disease?
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What is the primary purpose of synthetic vitamin D analogs?
What is the primary purpose of synthetic vitamin D analogs?
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Patients with liver or renal dysfunction may experience a decreased level of drugs and/or toxic effects with synthetic vitamin D analogs.
Patients with liver or renal dysfunction may experience a decreased level of drugs and/or toxic effects with synthetic vitamin D analogs.
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Study Notes
Thyroid
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Classification & Therapeutic Uses:
- Thyroid Hormone Replacement: Treats hypothyroidism, including myxedema coma. Suppresses TSH to prevent/treat goiters (enlarged thyroid).
- Antithyroid Agents: Used to treat hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease). Reduce thyroid hormone production.
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Mechanism of Action:
- Thyroid Hormone Replacement: Synthetic forms of thyroxine (T4, T3, or both) increase body metabolic rate, oxygen consumption, respiration, heart rate, growth, and maturation. Metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins also increases.
- Antithyroid Agents: Prevent thyroid hormone formation within the thyroid cells. Partially inhibit the conversion of T4 to T3.
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Adverse Effects:
- Thyroid Hormone Replacement: Few adverse effects at correct dosages. Potential skin reactions, hair loss, and increased hyperthyroid symptoms (anxiety, GI upset, sweating, weight loss, heat intolerance) at high doses. Also less predictable effects like cardiac issues, CNS problems, and swallowing problems.
- Antithyroid Agents: Agranulocytosis (low white blood cells), GI upset, and rash at high doses. May lead to hypothyroidism (cold intolerance, weight gain, bradycardia, lethargy, and depression) if the dose is too high. Hepatotoxicity (liver damage) is a concern. Monitor CBC levels and liver function is very important.
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Drug Examples:
- Thyroid Hormone Replacement: Levothyroxine (Synthroid).
- Antithyroid Agents: Propylthiouracil (PTU) and Methimazole (Tapazole).
Thyroid Cancer
- Mechanism: Destroys thyroid-producing cells.
Parathyroid
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Mechanism: Regulates calcium and phosphate absorption from the small intestine. Includes mineral reabsorption in bone and phosphate reabsorption from renal tubes.
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Use: Regulates calcium homeostasis.
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Adverse Effects:
- Gl Effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and general GI distress.
- CNS Effects: nervous system disturbance, altered mental status.
- Patients with liver or renal dysfunction: Toxic effects from elevated drug levels and potential increased toxicity of drugs.
- Hypercalcemia: Increased calcium levels.
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Treatment:
- Interruption of Treatment: Can cause severe hypocalcemia requiring careful monitoring. Calcium has 3 key functions: bones, blood-clotting factors, and heartbeat.
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Other Effects:
- Hypothyroidism: Iodism (metallic taste), tooth staining, skin rash, goiter formation
Antihypercalcemic Agents
- Mechanism of Action: Acts to slow or block bone resorption, preventing further bone damage.
- Therapeutic Uses: Treatment for Paget's disease.
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Adverse Effects:
- Common: Abdominal pain, constipation, musculoskeletal pain, nausea, diarrhea, potentially increased bone pain associated with Paget's disease, esophageal ulceration.
- Long-Term: Increased risk of femoral shaft fractures, osteonecrosis of the jaw (jawbone damage).
- Other: Flushing of face and hands, skin rash, nausea and vomiting, urinary frequency, local inflammation at the site of injection. Intranasal route: nasal dryness and irritation. Many side effects reduce over time.
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Description
This quiz covers the classifications and therapeutic uses of thyroid hormone treatments, including both hormone replacement and antithyroid agents. It also explores their mechanisms of action and potential adverse effects. Test your knowledge on these crucial aspects of thyroid therapy.
