Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which cells in the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin?
Which cells in the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin?
- Follicular cells
- C cells (correct)
- Both follicular and parafollicular cells
- None of the above
What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body?
What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body?
- Inhibits Vitamin D activation
- Increases bone mineral density
- Increases plasma Ca+2 concentration by taking from bone (correct)
- Decreases plasma Ca+2 concentration
How many iodine atoms are required to synthesize T4?
How many iodine atoms are required to synthesize T4?
- 4 iodine atoms (correct)
- 3 iodine atoms
- 2 iodine atoms
- 1 iodine atom
Which enzyme converts T4 to the more active T3?
Which enzyme converts T4 to the more active T3?
What can reverse T3 act as in the body?
What can reverse T3 act as in the body?
Which hormone replacement is used more frequently for managing hypothyroidism?
Which hormone replacement is used more frequently for managing hypothyroidism?
Which symptom is specific, but not always present, in Grave's disease?
Which symptom is specific, but not always present, in Grave's disease?
Which method is NOT used in the management of hyperthyroidism?
Which method is NOT used in the management of hyperthyroidism?
What is one potential adverse effect of thyroid hormone replacement therapy for hypothyroidism?
What is one potential adverse effect of thyroid hormone replacement therapy for hypothyroidism?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of hypothyroidism?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of hypothyroidism?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting T4 to T3?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting T4 to T3?
What is the major active thyroid hormone?
What is the major active thyroid hormone?
What happens to T4 in conditions of starvation or disease?
What happens to T4 in conditions of starvation or disease?
Which of the following is a primary cause of hypothyroidism?
Which of the following is a primary cause of hypothyroidism?
Which of the following factors is NOT associated with hypothyroidism?
Which of the following factors is NOT associated with hypothyroidism?
Which structure is involved in the control of orexigenic neurons?
Which structure is involved in the control of orexigenic neurons?
What is typically associated with 50% relapse after 12-18 months?
What is typically associated with 50% relapse after 12-18 months?
Which hormone is primarily involved as an inhibitory intake and produced by the digestive system?
Which hormone is primarily involved as an inhibitory intake and produced by the digestive system?
What structure controls the generation of metabolic cortins?
What structure controls the generation of metabolic cortins?
Which of the following hormones is secreted by adipose tissue and affects food intake?
Which of the following hormones is secreted by adipose tissue and affects food intake?
Which hormone is produced by the zona glomerulosa (ZG) of the adrenal cortex?
Which hormone is produced by the zona glomerulosa (ZG) of the adrenal cortex?
What type of tumors can be a primary cause of Cushing's Syndrome?
What type of tumors can be a primary cause of Cushing's Syndrome?
Which hormone is NOT one of the catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla?
Which hormone is NOT one of the catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla?
Which symptom is NOT associated with Cushing's Syndrome?
Which symptom is NOT associated with Cushing's Syndrome?
Which layer of the adrenal cortex is responsible for producing androgens?
Which layer of the adrenal cortex is responsible for producing androgens?
Which condition is associated with excess glucocorticoid production in the adrenal glands?
Which condition is associated with excess glucocorticoid production in the adrenal glands?
Which of the following is a primary cause of Cushing's syndrome?
Which of the following is a primary cause of Cushing's syndrome?
Which symptom is NOT a sign of Cushing's syndrome?
Which symptom is NOT a sign of Cushing's syndrome?
Adrenal insufficiency is noted as which of the following in the notes?
Adrenal insufficiency is noted as which of the following in the notes?
Which of the following is not a secondary cause of Cushing's syndrome?
Which of the following is not a secondary cause of Cushing's syndrome?
What is a common symptom due to Conny syndrome?
What is a common symptom due to Conny syndrome?
What leads to fluid retention in Conny syndrome?
What leads to fluid retention in Conny syndrome?
Which hormone is stimulated by CRH?
Which hormone is stimulated by CRH?
According to the Dex test table, what happens with a high dose of Dex?
According to the Dex test table, what happens with a high dose of Dex?
Which medication is a treatment for hypertension due to Conny syndrome?
Which medication is a treatment for hypertension due to Conny syndrome?
What is a characteristic of Bermeo in CRH?
What is a characteristic of Bermeo in CRH?
Secondary adrenal insufficiency is characterized by which of the following?
Secondary adrenal insufficiency is characterized by which of the following?
What is a potential consequence of suddenly stopping glucocorticoid treatment?
What is a potential consequence of suddenly stopping glucocorticoid treatment?
Which treatment is appropriate in a stress situation to prevent ADRENAL CRISIS?
Which treatment is appropriate in a stress situation to prevent ADRENAL CRISIS?
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is primarily due to which of the following?
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is primarily due to which of the following?
Which of the following can lead to the hyperplasia of the adrenal glands in CAH?
Which of the following can lead to the hyperplasia of the adrenal glands in CAH?
Which hormonal imbalance characterizes Addison's Disease?
Which hormonal imbalance characterizes Addison's Disease?
Which symptom is a direct result of the low production of mineralocorticoids in Addison's Disease?
Which symptom is a direct result of the low production of mineralocorticoids in Addison's Disease?
Why do patients with Addison's Disease exhibit increased pigmentation?
Why do patients with Addison's Disease exhibit increased pigmentation?
Which test result indicates adrenal gland damage in Addison's Disease?
Which test result indicates adrenal gland damage in Addison's Disease?
Which of the following treatments is necessary for managing Addison's Disease?
Which of the following treatments is necessary for managing Addison's Disease?
What is the treatment recommended for severe cases due to increased androgens?
What is the treatment recommended for severe cases due to increased androgens?
What is the composition of a G protein?
What is the composition of a G protein?
What happens to Ga when a hormone binds to a receptor?
What happens to Ga when a hormone binds to a receptor?
Which effector molecules are activated when Gb and Gy dissociate?
Which effector molecules are activated when Gb and Gy dissociate?
Which receptor type is involved in the pathway with GaI?
Which receptor type is involved in the pathway with GaI?
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Study Notes
Thyroid Gland - Endocrine
- The middle of the thyroid gland is called the follicle.
- The thyroid gland secretes two main hormones: T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine) from follicular cells, and calcitonin from C cells and parafollicular cells.
- The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH), which raises plasma calcium concentrations by taking calcium from bones and increasing reabsorption in the kidney, and also activates vitamin D.
Thyroid Hormones
- T4 and T3 are synthesized from tyrosine and iodine, with 4 iodine molecules forming T4 and 3 iodine molecules forming T3.
- Deiodinase is the main enzyme needed for T3 and T4 synthesis.
Hypothyroidism
- There are two types of goiter: primary failure (90%) and secondary to pituitary failure.
- Lack of dietary iodine can cause hypothyroidism.
- Hypothyroidism can lead to anemia, and may worsen with treatment.
Hyperthyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism can be caused by primary (most common), secondary to excess pituitary stimulation, or hyper-secreting thyroid tumors.
- Graves' disease is a specific type of hyperthyroidism characterized by exophthalmos (protruding eyeballs).
Adrenal Glands
- The adrenal gland consists of the cortex and medulla.
- The cortex produces three steroid hormones: aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens.
- The medulla produces five catecholamines: adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine.
Adrenal Cortex Layers
- The zona glomerulosa (ZG) produces aldosterone.
- The zona fasciculata (ZF) produces cortisol.
- The zona reticularis (ZR) produces androgens.
Cushing's Syndrome
- Cushing's syndrome is characterized by truncal obesity, altered fat distribution, excess facial hair, purple striae, thin limbs, and growth retardation in children.
- Primary causes of Cushing's syndrome include pituitary tumors and ectopic tumors.
- Secondary causes include carcinoma and ACTH/Cortisol excess.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
- CAH is caused by a defect in an enzyme forming glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, leading to excess androgens and masculinization.
- Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy and surgery (in severe cases).
Addison's Disease
- Addison's disease is caused by gradual destruction of adrenal tissue, leading to low aldosterone and cortisol levels.
- Symptoms include bilateral hypotension, muscle weakness, weight loss, and increased pigmentation.
- Treatment involves lifelong hormone replacement therapy with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
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