51 Questions
Which cells in the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin?
C cells
What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body?
Increases plasma Ca+2 concentration by taking from bone
How many iodine atoms are required to synthesize T4?
4 iodine atoms
Which enzyme converts T4 to the more active T3?
50 deiodinase
What can reverse T3 act as in the body?
T3 antagonist
Which hormone replacement is used more frequently for managing hypothyroidism?
T4
Which symptom is specific, but not always present, in Grave's disease?
Exophthalmos
Which method is NOT used in the management of hyperthyroidism?
Corticosteroids
What is one potential adverse effect of thyroid hormone replacement therapy for hypothyroidism?
May worsen anemia
Which of the following is NOT a feature of hypothyroidism?
An increased appetite
Which enzyme is responsible for converting T4 to T3?
5D deiodinase
What is the major active thyroid hormone?
T3
What happens to T4 in conditions of starvation or disease?
It is converted to T3
Which of the following is a primary cause of hypothyroidism?
Primary thyroid gland failure
Which of the following factors is NOT associated with hypothyroidism?
Excess TSH production
Which structure is involved in the control of orexigenic neurons?
Paraventricular nucleus
What is typically associated with 50% relapse after 12-18 months?
Ars
Which hormone is primarily involved as an inhibitory intake and produced by the digestive system?
Ghrelin
What structure controls the generation of metabolic cortins?
Arcuate nucleus
Which of the following hormones is secreted by adipose tissue and affects food intake?
Leptin
Which hormone is produced by the zona glomerulosa (ZG) of the adrenal cortex?
Aldosterone
What type of tumors can be a primary cause of Cushing's Syndrome?
Both pituitary and ectopic tumors
Which hormone is NOT one of the catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla?
Cortisol
Which symptom is NOT associated with Cushing's Syndrome?
Hypertension
Which layer of the adrenal cortex is responsible for producing androgens?
Zona reticularis
Which condition is associated with excess glucocorticoid production in the adrenal glands?
Stress
Which of the following is a primary cause of Cushing's syndrome?
Adrenal adenoma
Which symptom is NOT a sign of Cushing's syndrome?
Increased mineralocorticoid
Adrenal insufficiency is noted as which of the following in the notes?
Intrensic
Which of the following is not a secondary cause of Cushing's syndrome?
ACTH = ensol
What is a common symptom due to Conny syndrome?
Hypertension
What leads to fluid retention in Conny syndrome?
Sodium retention
Which hormone is stimulated by CRH?
ACTH
According to the Dex test table, what happens with a high dose of Dex?
It indicates Syn
Which medication is a treatment for hypertension due to Conny syndrome?
Aldosterone receptor antagonists
What is a characteristic of Bermeo in CRH?
Pituitary and ectopic
Secondary adrenal insufficiency is characterized by which of the following?
Lack of ACTH leading to atrophy of the adrenal gland
What is a potential consequence of suddenly stopping glucocorticoid treatment?
Acute adrenal insufficiency or ADRENAL CRISIS
Which treatment is appropriate in a stress situation to prevent ADRENAL CRISIS?
IV fluids and glucocorticoids
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is primarily due to which of the following?
Defect in an enzyme forming glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Which of the following can lead to the hyperplasia of the adrenal glands in CAH?
Chronic decrease in corticoids leading to a chronic increase in ACTH
Which hormonal imbalance characterizes Addison's Disease?
Low aldosterone, low cortisol, and high ACTH
Which symptom is a direct result of the low production of mineralocorticoids in Addison's Disease?
Bilateral hypotension
Why do patients with Addison's Disease exhibit increased pigmentation?
Due to high ACTH levels
Which test result indicates adrenal gland damage in Addison's Disease?
No change in cortisol levels after ACTH stimulation test
Which of the following treatments is necessary for managing Addison's Disease?
Combination of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid
What is the treatment recommended for severe cases due to increased androgens?
Both hormone replacement therapy and selective surgery
What is the composition of a G protein?
Ga, Gb, Gy
What happens to Ga when a hormone binds to a receptor?
It undergoes a conformational change and releases GDP
Which effector molecules are activated when Gb and Gy dissociate?
Effector molecules
Which receptor type is involved in the pathway with GaI?
G protein coupled receptor
Study Notes
Thyroid Gland - Endocrine
- The middle of the thyroid gland is called the follicle.
- The thyroid gland secretes two main hormones: T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine) from follicular cells, and calcitonin from C cells and parafollicular cells.
- The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH), which raises plasma calcium concentrations by taking calcium from bones and increasing reabsorption in the kidney, and also activates vitamin D.
Thyroid Hormones
- T4 and T3 are synthesized from tyrosine and iodine, with 4 iodine molecules forming T4 and 3 iodine molecules forming T3.
- Deiodinase is the main enzyme needed for T3 and T4 synthesis.
Hypothyroidism
- There are two types of goiter: primary failure (90%) and secondary to pituitary failure.
- Lack of dietary iodine can cause hypothyroidism.
- Hypothyroidism can lead to anemia, and may worsen with treatment.
Hyperthyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism can be caused by primary (most common), secondary to excess pituitary stimulation, or hyper-secreting thyroid tumors.
- Graves' disease is a specific type of hyperthyroidism characterized by exophthalmos (protruding eyeballs).
Adrenal Glands
- The adrenal gland consists of the cortex and medulla.
- The cortex produces three steroid hormones: aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens.
- The medulla produces five catecholamines: adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine.
Adrenal Cortex Layers
- The zona glomerulosa (ZG) produces aldosterone.
- The zona fasciculata (ZF) produces cortisol.
- The zona reticularis (ZR) produces androgens.
Cushing's Syndrome
- Cushing's syndrome is characterized by truncal obesity, altered fat distribution, excess facial hair, purple striae, thin limbs, and growth retardation in children.
- Primary causes of Cushing's syndrome include pituitary tumors and ectopic tumors.
- Secondary causes include carcinoma and ACTH/Cortisol excess.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
- CAH is caused by a defect in an enzyme forming glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, leading to excess androgens and masculinization.
- Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy and surgery (in severe cases).
Addison's Disease
- Addison's disease is caused by gradual destruction of adrenal tissue, leading to low aldosterone and cortisol levels.
- Symptoms include bilateral hypotension, muscle weakness, weight loss, and increased pigmentation.
- Treatment involves lifelong hormone replacement therapy with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
This quiz covers the anatomy and function of the thyroid gland, including the hormones it secretes and the cells that produce them. It also touches on the parathyroid glands and their role in regulating calcium levels.
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