Thyroid Disorders Overview

<p>4 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They require 3 to 6 months for effect. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Balancing body temperature, metabolism, and heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Graves' disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight gain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normalize thyroid hormone production and minimize symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TSH-secreting tumors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental factors and genetics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoid smoking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes hypermetabolic state (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Levothyroxine (Synthroid) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preeclampsia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum TSH testing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symptoms of testosterone deficiency plus low levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Worsening sleep apnea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measurement of prostate-specific antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid storm and CHF (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testicular injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhance quality of life for symptomatic deficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased metabolic demand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced risk of drug transfer to fetus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocardial infarction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of breast cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stress and anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth muscle relaxation and increased blood flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Priapism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver enzyme levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 hour before (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nocturia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may indicate underlying health problems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha-1 blockers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases spermatogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol ingestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may potentiate hypotensive effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hashimoto's thyroiditis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Propranolol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>75-125 mcg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low-iodine diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To normalize thyroid-stimulating hormone levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower absorption rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Levothyroxine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease in vitamin K-dependent factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune attack on the thyroid after pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart palpitations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T3 has a short lifespan in the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use for weight loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormones (T3 and T4) produced by the thyroid gland that regulate body temperature, metabolism, and heart rate.

A condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to a hypermetabolic state.

A type of hyperthyroidism caused by abnormal antibodies mimicking thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Hyperthyroidism caused by a hyper-functioning nodule within a goiter.

Antibodies in Grave's disease that act like TSH, causing the thyroid gland to produce excessive hormones.

A state where the body's metabolism is elevated and accelerated.

Treatments to normalize hormone production and decrease complications. e.g. surgery, radioactive ablation, or medication

A normal thyroid hormone level (e.g the target of antithyroid treatment).

A condition where the mother's thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone during pregnancy.

A condition where the mother's thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone during pregnancy.

Lack of treatment for low thyroid hormone during pregnancy.

Lack of treatment for high thyroid hormone during pregnancy.

The fetus relies solely on the mother's thyroid hormone supply until the first trimester.

A synthetic thyroid hormone medication used to treat hypothyroidism during pregnancy.

The dosage of levothyroxine needs to be significantly increased during pregnancy.

A medication used to treat hyperthyroidism during pregnancy.

Another medication used to treat hyperthyroidism during pregnancy.

PTU is preferred over methimazole because it binds to protein more readily, reducing placental transfer to the fetus.

Checking TSH levels after childbirth to identify thyroid disorders.

Low testosterone caused by problems with the testicles.

Low testosterone caused by problems with the hypothalamus or pituitary gland.

Several symptoms can indicate testosterone deficiency, including low libido, fatigue, and decreased muscle mass.

Treatment to replace low testosterone levels.

The most common cause of hypothyroidism, an autoimmune disorder where the body attacks the thyroid gland.

Inflammation of the thyroid gland that occurs after pregnancy, often with high thyroid hormone levels followed by a drop.

The main thyroid hormone replaced by levothyroxine, converted into the active form T3 in the body.

The active form of thyroid hormone that regulates metabolism.

Treatment for hypothyroidism involving taking synthetic thyroid hormone to replace the missing hormone.

Taking too much thyroid hormone, which can lead to hyperthyroid symptoms like rapid heartbeat and weight loss.

Taking extra T3 along with levothyroxine when some patients remain symptomatic despite adequate T4 replacement.

Levothyroxine can increase the effects of warfarin, a blood thinner.

Certain medications and supplements can decrease the absorption and effectiveness of levothyroxine.

Thyroid hormones are crucial for the baby's brain and nervous system development during pregnancy.

Pregnancy hormones can temporarily increase thyroid hormone levels in the mother.

Medications that relax muscles in the bladder, prostate, and neck to ease urine flow. They improve symptoms quickly but don't shrink the prostate or slow its growth.

These drugs block a hormone (dihydrotestosterone) that makes the prostate grow, leading to a smaller prostate and improved urine flow. They take longer to work than alpha-blockers.

Common side effects of alpha-blockers include low blood pressure, tiredness, prolonged erections, and abnormal heart rhythms.

Possible side effects include allergic reactions, breast or prostate cancer risk, decreased libido, abnormal ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, breast enlargement, and dizziness.

Two main drug classes for BPH treatment are alpha-blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors. Each has distinct effects and side effects.

Long-term testosterone therapy for hypogonadism can increase the risk of breast cancer in men, alter lipid profiles, and potentially lead to gynecomastia, BPH, prostate cancer, and blood clots.

Persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse.

Cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, obesity, low testosterone, aging, stress, anxiety, and depression can contribute to erectile dysfunction.

Sexual stimulation releases nitric oxide, dilating blood vessels in the penis. This is facilitated by cGMP, an enzyme broken down by PDE5.

Drugs like Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra that inhibit PDE5, allowing cGMP to persist and promote blood flow to the penis.

PDE5 inhibitors can also be used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), by relaxing muscles in the prostate and bladder.

Common side effects include headache, indigestion, facial flushing, and abnormal vision.

PDE5 inhibitors are metabolized by CYP450 enzymes, leading to interactions with other drugs metabolized by the same pathway.

Should not be taken with nitrates due to risk of severe hypotension.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, an enlarged prostate gland, commonly occurring with age.

Frequent urination, urgency, difficulty starting urination, weak stream, dribbling, and inability to fully empty the bladder.

Medications like alpha-blockers, minimally invasive therapies, and surgery can be used to manage BPH symptoms.

Alpha-blockers like tamsulosin (Flomax) work faster in men with smaller prostates.

BPH symptoms can vary greatly and may worsen gradually over time.