Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a typical age range for the appearance of thyroid cancer?
What is a typical age range for the appearance of thyroid cancer?
What is the approximate ratio of women to men affected by thyroid cancer?
What is the approximate ratio of women to men affected by thyroid cancer?
External irradiation of the head and neck is a main risk factor for what type of thyroid cancer?
External irradiation of the head and neck is a main risk factor for what type of thyroid cancer?
Which of the following is often the initial presentation of thyroid cancer?
Which of the following is often the initial presentation of thyroid cancer?
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Which imaging investigation is considered the method of choice for thyroid nodules?
Which imaging investigation is considered the method of choice for thyroid nodules?
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What does a 'cold' nodule signify in thyroid scintigraphy?
What does a 'cold' nodule signify in thyroid scintigraphy?
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Which diagnostic procedure is used to obtain cell samples from thyroid nodules?
Which diagnostic procedure is used to obtain cell samples from thyroid nodules?
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What is the maximum size for a tumor classified as T2 under the TNM classification of thyroid cancers?
What is the maximum size for a tumor classified as T2 under the TNM classification of thyroid cancers?
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What is the initial treatment recommended for stages I and II of papillary and follicular thyroid cancers?
What is the initial treatment recommended for stages I and II of papillary and follicular thyroid cancers?
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Which treatment is primarily used for stage IV thyroid cancers that do not capture I131?
Which treatment is primarily used for stage IV thyroid cancers that do not capture I131?
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Which type of thyroid cancer has the worst prognosis, according to the information provided?
Which type of thyroid cancer has the worst prognosis, according to the information provided?
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What is the survival rate at 5 years for follicular carcinomas?
What is the survival rate at 5 years for follicular carcinomas?
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What is a common consequence of radical surgical interventions for thyroid cancers?
What is a common consequence of radical surgical interventions for thyroid cancers?
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What is the classification for anaplastic intrathyroidal carcinoma?
What is the classification for anaplastic intrathyroidal carcinoma?
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Which of the following stages applies when a papillary carcinoma is diagnosed in a patient aged 48 with T2 N0 M0?
Which of the following stages applies when a papillary carcinoma is diagnosed in a patient aged 48 with T2 N0 M0?
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Which thyroid carcinoma type represents more than 90% of cases?
Which thyroid carcinoma type represents more than 90% of cases?
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What does M0 indicate in cancer staging?
What does M0 indicate in cancer staging?
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What is a common factor that negatively affects prognosis in differentiated cancers?
What is a common factor that negatively affects prognosis in differentiated cancers?
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What classification is given to extrathyroid anaplastic carcinoma?
What classification is given to extrathyroid anaplastic carcinoma?
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What type of cancer stage includes 'any T, any N, M1'?
What type of cancer stage includes 'any T, any N, M1'?
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What is the primary route of dissemination for undifferentiated carcinomas?
What is the primary route of dissemination for undifferentiated carcinomas?
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Study Notes
Thyroid Cancer Overview
- Most common endocrine cancer, about 1% of all malignancies.
Epidemiology
- Typically affects those aged 40-65, with women more affected (2:1 ratio).
Risk Factors
- Papillary/follicular cancers: Exposure to radiation (e.g., atomic bomb, Chernobyl).
- Medullary cancer: Strong genetic factors.
Clinical Diagnosis
- Often presents as an asymptomatic nodule, with symptoms like pain and dysphagia in later stages. Lymph node metastasis occurs in <5% of cases.
Paraclinical Diagnosis
- Ultrasound: Helps identify nodule type.
Thyroid Scintigraphy
- Cold nodules (non-radioactive) may indicate malignancy, but only 10% are cancerous.
Puncture Biopsy
- Needle biopsy for nodule testing, with imaging for metastases (chest X-ray, liver ultrasound).
Biological Markers
- Elevated calcitonin and CEA levels suggest medullary carcinoma.
TNM Classification
- T: Tumor size and extent.
- N: Lymph node involvement.
- M: Metastasis.
Staging
- Staging varies for papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic cancers by age and tumor type.
Histopathology
- Types: Papillary, follicular (90%), medullary (5-10%), anaplastic (rare).
Evolution and Complications
- Spread via lymphatic system and bloodstream; lung, bones, liver, kidneys, and brain can be affected.
Prognostic Factors
- Poor prognosis: large tumors (>5 cm), older age (>40), metastasis, and anaplastic type.
Treatment
- Surgery (thyroidectomy) + Iodine-131 for papillary/follicular (stages I-II).
- Radiotherapy or chemotherapy for advanced cases (Stage III-IV, anaplastic).
Post-Surgery Complications
- Hypothyroidism requiring hormone replacement therapy.
Results
- Young patients and differentiated cancers (papillary/follicular) have better outcomes.
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Description
This quiz covers essential information about thyroid cancer, including its prevalence, risk factors, and clinical diagnosis. Discover the demographics of thyroid cancer patients and the impact of radiation exposure on its incidence.
