Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland Diseases

Which of the following is the most common cause of endogenous hyperthyroidism?

Which triad of manifestations characterizes Graves' disease?

What percentage of patients with Graves' disease typically exhibit exophthalmos?

Which of the following best describes pretibial myxedema?

In Graves' disease, the autoimmune reaction involves antibodies against which of the following?

The T cell mediated autoimmune reaction in Graves' disease is primarily involved in which of the following manifestations?

Which laboratory findings are characteristic of Graves' disease?

In Graves' disease, radioactive iodine uptake is typically:

What is the underlying pathogenic mechanism in Graves' disease that leads to hyperthyroidism?

Which of the following features distinguishes infiltrative ophthalmopathy of Graves' disease from other causes of proptosis?

Which of the following is a key feature in the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy?

Which statement accurately contrasts hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism?

What distinguishes the autoantibodies in Hashimoto's thyroiditis from those in Graves' disease?

Which dermopathy is specifically associated with Graves' disease?

What is the MAIN difference between T3 and T4 hormones?

What role do TSH receptors play in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease?

A patient presents with unexplained weight loss, heat intolerance, and increased heart rate. Which INITIAL laboratory test would be most appropriate to evaluate for hyperthyroidism?

A patient with Graves' disease is treated with radioactive iodine. What is the MOST likely long-term complication of this treatment?

A patient with Graves' disease develops pretibial myxedema. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate initial management strategy for this condition?

A patient with Graves' disease and severe ophthalmopathy is being considered for treatment. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment option to reduce the severity of the ophthalmopathy?

Which of the following findings suggests a diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism rather than secondary hyperparathyroidism?

What is the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on serum phosphate levels?

Which of the following can cause hypoparathyroidism?

Which clinical manifestation is associated with hypocalcemia?

You're treating a patient with suspected hypoparathyroidism, who is currently experiencing acute tetany. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate immediate treatment?

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops secondary hyperparathyroidism. What is the PRIMARY mechanism driving this condition?

What is the expected impact of elevated PTH levels on bone remodeling?

Which of the following is a potential long-term complication of untreated primary hyperparathyroidism?

Which of the following is the MOST common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

What is the likely pathogenesis underlying the development of 'hungry bone syndrome' following parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism?

What is the underlying cause of DiGeorge syndrome resulting in hypoparathyroidism?

A 50-year-old female presents with fatigue, bone pain, and constipation. Her lab results show elevated serum calcium and elevated PTH levels. Further investigation reveals elevated levels of gastrin. Which condition is MOST likely?

During a thyroidectomy, all parathyroid glands are inadvertently removed. Post-operatively, the patient develops severe hypocalcemia. Which of the following is the MOST important IMMEDIATE step in managing this patient?

Which medication class should be avoided in a patient with hyperparathyroidism due to an increased risk of hypercalcemic crisis?

What is the diagnostic challenge in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) that distinguishes it from primary hyperparathyroidism?

A patient presents with signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia, including fatigue, muscle weakness, and constipation. Her diagnostic workup reveals an elevated serum calcium level along with a suppressed parathyroid hormone (PTH) level. What is the MOST likely etiology of her hypercalcemia?

A patient presents with carpopedal spasm during blood pressure measurement. Which of these would be the MOST appropriate next step to evaluate the underlying cause?

A patient presents with a history of chronic kidney disease and is found to have the following laboratory values: serum calcium 7.8 mg/dL (normal: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL), serum phosphate 5.8 mg/dL (normal: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL), and intact PTH 550 pg/mL (normal: 10-65 pg/mL). What is the MOST likely diagnosis?

A 30-year-old female presents with recurrent kidney stones. Further evaluation reveals hypercalcemia and elevated PTH. A Sestamibi scan reveals enlargement of two parathyroid glands. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?