Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which artery supplies the upper part of the thyroid gland?
Which artery supplies the upper part of the thyroid gland?
- Subclavian Artery
- Carotid Artery
- Inferior Thyroid Artery
- Superior Thyroid Artery (correct)
Which vein drains the upper part of the thyroid gland into the internal jugular vein?
Which vein drains the upper part of the thyroid gland into the internal jugular vein?
- Jugular Vein
- Inferior Thyroid Vein
- Superior Thyroid Vein (correct)
- Middle Thyroid Vein
Which vein drains into the jugular vein?
Which vein drains into the jugular vein?
- Middle Thyroid Vein (correct)
- Superior Thyroid Vein
- Inferior Thyroid Vein
- Jugular Vein
Which vein drains blood going to the innominate subclavian vein?
Which vein drains blood going to the innominate subclavian vein?
Which vein drains into the subclavian vein?
Which vein drains into the subclavian vein?
True or False: The thyroid gland has ducts for hormone secretion.
True or False: The thyroid gland has ducts for hormone secretion.
Which artery supplies the lower part of the thyroid gland?
Which artery supplies the lower part of the thyroid gland?
What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?
What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?
Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts to liberate calcium stored in bones?
Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts to liberate calcium stored in bones?
Where does the thyroid gland initially form in the embryo?
Where does the thyroid gland initially form in the embryo?
How does vitamin D/Calcitriol increase calcium in plasma?
How does vitamin D/Calcitriol increase calcium in plasma?
How does the thyroid gland reach its final location in the neck during embryonic development?
How does the thyroid gland reach its final location in the neck during embryonic development?
Which cells in the thyroid gland produce the hormone calcitonin?
Which cells in the thyroid gland produce the hormone calcitonin?
What is the function of thyroglobulin in the thyroid follicle?
What is the function of thyroglobulin in the thyroid follicle?
Which hormone is responsible for growth, development, and metabolism? (2 ans)
Which hormone is responsible for growth, development, and metabolism? (2 ans)
What is the functional unit of the thyroid gland called?
What is the functional unit of the thyroid gland called?
Which hormone is considered a prohormone and is produced by the thyroid gland?
Which hormone is considered a prohormone and is produced by the thyroid gland?
True or False: Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones have opposite effects on plasma calcium levels.
True or False: Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones have opposite effects on plasma calcium levels.
Which transporter is responsible for trapping iodine in the follicle from the capillaries?
Which transporter is responsible for trapping iodine in the follicle from the capillaries?
What is the first step in the release and synthesis of thyroid hormones?
What is the first step in the release and synthesis of thyroid hormones?
Which enzyme is responsible for the oxidation of iodide ions in the colloid?
Which enzyme is responsible for the oxidation of iodide ions in the colloid?
Which process involves the adding of diiodotyrosine (DIT) and monoiodotyrosine (MIT) to form T3 and T4?
Which process involves the adding of diiodotyrosine (DIT) and monoiodotyrosine (MIT) to form T3 and T4?
What process involves the degradation of the lysosomal vesicle to separate T3 and T4 from the rest of the thyroglobulin (TGB) molecules?
What process involves the degradation of the lysosomal vesicle to separate T3 and T4 from the rest of the thyroglobulin (TGB) molecules?
What is the term for the reaction where iodine molecules attach to tyrosine in thyroglobulin (TGB)?
What is the term for the reaction where iodine molecules attach to tyrosine in thyroglobulin (TGB)?
What is the process where T3 and T4 are transported to the follicular membrane?
What is the process where T3 and T4 are transported to the follicular membrane?
Which type of deiodinase is responsible for converting T4 to T3?
Which type of deiodinase is responsible for converting T4 to T3?
Which hormone inhibits the secretion of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?
Which hormone inhibits the secretion of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?
Which region of the hypothalamus secretes Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)? (2 ans)
Which region of the hypothalamus secretes Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)? (2 ans)
What is the role of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?
What is the role of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?
Which factors are involved in the negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormones?
Which factors are involved in the negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormones?
Which protein binds the highest percentage of thyroid hormones?
Which protein binds the highest percentage of thyroid hormones?
Which hormone is more tightly bound to proteins, T4 or T3?
Which hormone is more tightly bound to proteins, T4 or T3?
Where is the main source of circulating T3 derived from?
Where is the main source of circulating T3 derived from?
Which form of thyroid hormone has no biological activity?
Which form of thyroid hormone has no biological activity?
How are free T4 and T3 primarily eliminated from the body?
How are free T4 and T3 primarily eliminated from the body?
What is the relationship between binding-protein levels, free thyroid hormone levels, and TSH release?
What is the relationship between binding-protein levels, free thyroid hormone levels, and TSH release?
What is the metabolic clearance and serum concentration of reverse T3?
What is the metabolic clearance and serum concentration of reverse T3?
What is the main form of excretion for diiodothyronine (T2)?
What is the main form of excretion for diiodothyronine (T2)?
Which organ(s) have outer ring activity of deiodinase II?
Which organ(s) have outer ring activity of deiodinase II?
Which process increases the solubility of hormones for excretion?
Which process increases the solubility of hormones for excretion?
Which deiodinase is responsible for inner ring activity and is active in the brain, placenta, and skin?
Which deiodinase is responsible for inner ring activity and is active in the brain, placenta, and skin?
Which hormone is responsible for the synthesis of thyroglobulin, iodine uptake, and pinocytosis of colloid?
Which hormone is responsible for the synthesis of thyroglobulin, iodine uptake, and pinocytosis of colloid?
What is the characteristic hormonal profile of hypothyroidism?
What is the characteristic hormonal profile of hypothyroidism?
What is the characteristic hormonal profile of hyperthyroidism?
What is the characteristic hormonal profile of hyperthyroidism?
Which of the following is NOT the function of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?
Which of the following is NOT the function of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?
Which protein aids in the entry of T4 into a target cell?
Which protein aids in the entry of T4 into a target cell?
What is the effect of high concentrations of T3 and T4 on oxygen consumption and metabolism?
What is the effect of high concentrations of T3 and T4 on oxygen consumption and metabolism?
What is the role of Na+-K+-ATPase in relation to growth hormones?
What is the role of Na+-K+-ATPase in relation to growth hormones?
What is the effect of thyroid hormone on adipose tissue?
What is the effect of thyroid hormone on adipose tissue?
What is the effect of thyroid hormone on the gut?
What is the effect of thyroid hormone on the gut?
What is the main effect of thyroid hormone on oxygen consumption of metabolically active tissues?
What is the main effect of thyroid hormone on oxygen consumption of metabolically active tissues?
Which of the following is a direct effect of thyroid hormone? (2 ans)
Which of the following is a direct effect of thyroid hormone? (2 ans)
Which of the following is an indirect effect of thyroid hormone?
Which of the following is an indirect effect of thyroid hormone?
What is the effect of thyroid hormone on systemic vascular resistance?
What is the effect of thyroid hormone on systemic vascular resistance?
What is the effect of thyroid hormone on blood volume and blood pressure?
What is the effect of thyroid hormone on blood volume and blood pressure?
Which factor can result in dysfunction of thyroid hormone at the tissue level?
Which factor can result in dysfunction of thyroid hormone at the tissue level?
What is the term for an individual with normal thyroid function?
What is the term for an individual with normal thyroid function?
What is the term for excessive thyroid function?
What is the term for excessive thyroid function?
Flashcards
Superior Thyroid Artery
Superior Thyroid Artery
Supplies blood to the upper part of the thyroid gland.
Superior Thyroid Vein
Superior Thyroid Vein
Drains blood from the upper part of the thyroid gland into the internal jugular.
Middle Thyroid Vein
Middle Thyroid Vein
Drains the middle part of the thyroid gland into internal jugular vein.
Inferior Thyroid Vein
Inferior Thyroid Vein
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Inferior Thyroid Artery
Inferior Thyroid Artery
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Thyroid Hormone Secretion
Thyroid Hormone Secretion
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Isthmus
Isthmus
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Calcitonin
Calcitonin
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Thyroid Embryonic Development
Thyroid Embryonic Development
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Thyroid Hormone Function
Thyroid Hormone Function
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Thyroglobulin
Thyroglobulin
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Thyroid Follicle
Thyroid Follicle
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Thyroxine (T4)
Thyroxine (T4)
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Na+/I- Symporter
Na+/I- Symporter
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Iodination
Iodination
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Proteolysis
Proteolysis
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TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
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TRH (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone)
TRH (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone)
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Negative Feedback (Thyroid Hormones)
Negative Feedback (Thyroid Hormones)
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Reverse T3
Reverse T3
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Euthyroid
Euthyroid
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Hyperthyroid
Hyperthyroid
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Thyroid Peroxidase
Thyroid Peroxidase
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Iodine Ions (trapping)
Iodine Ions (trapping)
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Study Notes
Thyroid Gland Anatomy
- The upper part of the thyroid gland is supplied by the superior thyroid artery.
- The upper part of the thyroid gland is drained by the superior thyroid vein, which empties into the internal jugular vein.
- The middle part of the thyroid gland is drained by the middle thyroid vein, which empties into the internal jugular vein.
- The lower part of the thyroid gland is drained by the inferior thyroid vein, which empties into the brachiocephalic vein.
- The inferior thyroid artery supplies the lower part of the thyroid gland.
Thyroid Hormone Production
- The thyroid gland does not have ducts for hormone secretion.
- The isthmus connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland.
- Calcitonin, produced by parafollicular cells, stimulates osteoclasts to liberate calcium stored in bones.
- The thyroid gland initially forms in the embryo at the base of the tongue.
- During embryonic development, the thyroid gland reaches its final location in the neck through descent.
Thyroid Hormone Function
- Thyroid hormones are responsible for growth, development, and metabolism.
- Thyroglobulin in the thyroid follicle is the precursor to thyroid hormones.
- The functional unit of the thyroid gland is called the thyroid follicle.
- Thyroxine (T4) is a prohormone produced by the thyroid gland.
- Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones have opposite effects on plasma calcium levels.
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
- The sodium-iodide symporter is responsible for trapping iodine in the follicle from the capillaries.
- The first step in the release and synthesis of thyroid hormones is the oxidation of iodide ions in the colloid by the enzyme thyroid peroxidase.
- The process of adding diiodotyrosine (DIT) and monoiodotyrosine (MIT) to form T3 and T4 is called iodination.
- The process of degrading the lysosomal vesicle to separate T3 and T4 from the rest of the thyroglobulin (TGB) molecules is called proteolysis.
- The term for the reaction where iodine molecules attach to tyrosine in thyroglobulin (TGB) is iodination.
Thyroid Hormone Regulation
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones.
- The hypothalamus secretes Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH), which stimulates the release of TSH.
- Thyroid hormones inhibit the secretion of TSH.
- Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) binds the highest percentage of thyroid hormones.
- T4 is more tightly bound to proteins than T3.
- The main source of circulating T3 is derived from the conversion of T4 in the liver.
- Reverse T3 has no biological activity.
Thyroid Hormone Metabolism
- Free T4 and T3 are primarily eliminated from the body through the liver and kidneys.
- The relationship between binding-protein levels, free thyroid hormone levels, and TSH release is negative feedback.
- The metabolic clearance and serum concentration of reverse T3 are high.
- The main form of excretion for diiodothyronine (T2) is in the urine.
- The liver and kidneys have outer ring activity of deiodinase II.
- The process of conjugation increases the solubility of hormones for excretion.
- Deiodinase II is responsible for inner ring activity and is active in the brain, placenta, and skin.
Thyroid Hormone Effects
- Thyroid hormones increase oxygen consumption and metabolism in metabolically active tissues.
- Thyroid hormones stimulate the synthesis of Na+-K+-ATPase, which is involved in growth.
- Thyroid hormones increase lipolysis in adipose tissue.
- Thyroid hormones increase gut motility and absorption.
- High concentrations of T3 and T4 increase oxygen consumption and metabolism.
- Direct effects of thyroid hormone include increased metabolic rate and oxygen consumption.
- Indirect effects of thyroid hormone include increased heart rate and cardiac output.
- Thyroid hormone decreases systemic vascular resistance.
- Thyroid hormone increases blood volume and blood pressure.
- Factors that can result in dysfunction of thyroid hormone at the tissue level include receptor or post-receptor defects.
Thyroid Function Disorders
- A person with normal thyroid function is termed euthyroid.
- A person with excessive thyroid function is termed hyperthyroid.
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Test your knowledge of the anatomy of the thyroid gland with this quiz! Learn about the isthmus of the thyroid and the different blood vessels that supply and drain this important gland. Challenge yourself and expand your understanding of thyroid anatomy.
