Thyroid Anatomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which artery supplies the upper part of the thyroid gland?

  • Subclavian Artery
  • Carotid Artery
  • Inferior Thyroid Artery
  • Superior Thyroid Artery (correct)

    • Which vein drains the upper part of the thyroid gland into the internal jugular vein?

  • Jugular Vein
  • Inferior Thyroid Vein
  • Superior Thyroid Vein (correct)
  • Middle Thyroid Vein

    • Which vein drains into the jugular vein?

  • Middle Thyroid Vein (correct)
  • Superior Thyroid Vein
  • Inferior Thyroid Vein
  • Jugular Vein

    • Which vein drains blood going to the innominate subclavian vein?

    <p>Jugular Vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein drains into the subclavian vein?

    <p>Inferior Thyroid Vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: The thyroid gland has ducts for hormone secretion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the lower part of the thyroid gland?

    <p>Inferior thyroid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?

    <p>Isthmus of the thyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts to liberate calcium stored in bones?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the thyroid gland initially form in the embryo?

    <p>In the foramen cecum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vitamin D/Calcitriol increase calcium in plasma?

    <p>By increasing the absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the thyroid gland reach its final location in the neck during embryonic development?

    <p>Through the thyroglossal duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the thyroid gland produce the hormone calcitonin?

    <p>Parafollicular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of thyroglobulin in the thyroid follicle?

    <p>To serve as a substrate for the synthesis of T3 and T4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for growth, development, and metabolism? (2 ans)

    <p>Triiodothyronine (T3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the thyroid gland called?

    <p>Thyroid follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is considered a prohormone and is produced by the thyroid gland?

    <p>Tetraiodothyronine (T4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones have opposite effects on plasma calcium levels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transporter is responsible for trapping iodine in the follicle from the capillaries?

    <p>I-/Na+ cotransporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the release and synthesis of thyroid hormones?

    <p>Trapping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the oxidation of iodide ions in the colloid?

    <p>Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the adding of diiodotyrosine (DIT) and monoiodotyrosine (MIT) to form T3 and T4?

    <p>Conjugation (Coupling)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the degradation of the lysosomal vesicle to separate T3 and T4 from the rest of the thyroglobulin (TGB) molecules?

    <p>Proteolysis (Degradation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reaction where iodine molecules attach to tyrosine in thyroglobulin (TGB)?

    <p>Iodination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where T3 and T4 are transported to the follicular membrane?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of deiodinase is responsible for converting T4 to T3?

    <p>Deiodinase type 1 and type 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone inhibits the secretion of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the hypothalamus secretes Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)? (2 ans)

    <p>Median eminence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

    <p>Stimulate the secretion of T3 and T4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors are involved in the negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormones?

    <p>Concentrations of T3 and T4 in plasma and body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein binds the highest percentage of thyroid hormones?

    <p>Thyroid-binding-globulin (TBG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is more tightly bound to proteins, T4 or T3?

    <p>T4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the main source of circulating T3 derived from?

    <p>Peripheral deiodination of T4 by deiodinases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of thyroid hormone has no biological activity?

    <p>Reverse T3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are free T4 and T3 primarily eliminated from the body?

    <p>Through the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between binding-protein levels, free thyroid hormone levels, and TSH release?

    <p>Decreased binding-protein levels increase free thyroid hormone levels and inhibit TSH release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the metabolic clearance and serum concentration of reverse T3?

    <p>Reverse T3 has high metabolic clearance and low serum concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main form of excretion for diiodothyronine (T2)?

    <p>Kidneys, as urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ(s) have outer ring activity of deiodinase II?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process increases the solubility of hormones for excretion?

    <p>Glucuronidation and Sulfation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deiodinase is responsible for inner ring activity and is active in the brain, placenta, and skin?

    <p>Deiodinase III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for the synthesis of thyroglobulin, iodine uptake, and pinocytosis of colloid?

    <p>Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic hormonal profile of hypothyroidism?

    <p>↓ T3 &amp; T4 but ↑ TSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic hormonal profile of hyperthyroidism?

    <p>↑ T3 &amp; T4 but ↓ TSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT the function of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

    <p>Decrease size of follicular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein aids in the entry of T4 into a target cell?

    <p>TBG (Thyroid-Binding Globulin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high concentrations of T3 and T4 on oxygen consumption and metabolism?

    <p>Increased oxygen consumption and metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Na+-K+-ATPase in relation to growth hormones?

    <p>Stimulates the release of growth hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormone on adipose tissue?

    <p>Catabolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormone on the gut?

    <p>Increased rate of carbohydrate absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of thyroid hormone on oxygen consumption of metabolically active tissues?

    <p>Increases it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a direct effect of thyroid hormone? (2 ans)

    <p>Increase cardiac muscle myosin heavy chain α/β ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indirect effect of thyroid hormone?

    <p>Increase heat production and CO2 in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormone on systemic vascular resistance?

    <p>Decrease systemic vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormone on blood volume and blood pressure?

    <p>Increase blood volume and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can result in dysfunction of thyroid hormone at the tissue level?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an individual with normal thyroid function?

    <p>Euthyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for excessive thyroid function?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Thyroid Gland Anatomy

    • The upper part of the thyroid gland is supplied by the superior thyroid artery.
    • The upper part of the thyroid gland is drained by the superior thyroid vein, which empties into the internal jugular vein.
    • The middle part of the thyroid gland is drained by the middle thyroid vein, which empties into the internal jugular vein.
    • The lower part of the thyroid gland is drained by the inferior thyroid vein, which empties into the brachiocephalic vein.
    • The inferior thyroid artery supplies the lower part of the thyroid gland.

    Thyroid Hormone Production

    • The thyroid gland does not have ducts for hormone secretion.
    • The isthmus connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland.
    • Calcitonin, produced by parafollicular cells, stimulates osteoclasts to liberate calcium stored in bones.
    • The thyroid gland initially forms in the embryo at the base of the tongue.
    • During embryonic development, the thyroid gland reaches its final location in the neck through descent.

    Thyroid Hormone Function

    • Thyroid hormones are responsible for growth, development, and metabolism.
    • Thyroglobulin in the thyroid follicle is the precursor to thyroid hormones.
    • The functional unit of the thyroid gland is called the thyroid follicle.
    • Thyroxine (T4) is a prohormone produced by the thyroid gland.
    • Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones have opposite effects on plasma calcium levels.

    Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

    • The sodium-iodide symporter is responsible for trapping iodine in the follicle from the capillaries.
    • The first step in the release and synthesis of thyroid hormones is the oxidation of iodide ions in the colloid by the enzyme thyroid peroxidase.
    • The process of adding diiodotyrosine (DIT) and monoiodotyrosine (MIT) to form T3 and T4 is called iodination.
    • The process of degrading the lysosomal vesicle to separate T3 and T4 from the rest of the thyroglobulin (TGB) molecules is called proteolysis.
    • The term for the reaction where iodine molecules attach to tyrosine in thyroglobulin (TGB) is iodination.

    Thyroid Hormone Regulation

    • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones.
    • The hypothalamus secretes Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH), which stimulates the release of TSH.
    • Thyroid hormones inhibit the secretion of TSH.
    • Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) binds the highest percentage of thyroid hormones.
    • T4 is more tightly bound to proteins than T3.
    • The main source of circulating T3 is derived from the conversion of T4 in the liver.
    • Reverse T3 has no biological activity.

    Thyroid Hormone Metabolism

    • Free T4 and T3 are primarily eliminated from the body through the liver and kidneys.
    • The relationship between binding-protein levels, free thyroid hormone levels, and TSH release is negative feedback.
    • The metabolic clearance and serum concentration of reverse T3 are high.
    • The main form of excretion for diiodothyronine (T2) is in the urine.
    • The liver and kidneys have outer ring activity of deiodinase II.
    • The process of conjugation increases the solubility of hormones for excretion.
    • Deiodinase II is responsible for inner ring activity and is active in the brain, placenta, and skin.

    Thyroid Hormone Effects

    • Thyroid hormones increase oxygen consumption and metabolism in metabolically active tissues.
    • Thyroid hormones stimulate the synthesis of Na+-K+-ATPase, which is involved in growth.
    • Thyroid hormones increase lipolysis in adipose tissue.
    • Thyroid hormones increase gut motility and absorption.
    • High concentrations of T3 and T4 increase oxygen consumption and metabolism.
    • Direct effects of thyroid hormone include increased metabolic rate and oxygen consumption.
    • Indirect effects of thyroid hormone include increased heart rate and cardiac output.
    • Thyroid hormone decreases systemic vascular resistance.
    • Thyroid hormone increases blood volume and blood pressure.
    • Factors that can result in dysfunction of thyroid hormone at the tissue level include receptor or post-receptor defects.

    Thyroid Function Disorders

    • A person with normal thyroid function is termed euthyroid.
    • A person with excessive thyroid function is termed hyperthyroid.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the anatomy of the thyroid gland with this quiz! Learn about the isthmus of the thyroid and the different blood vessels that supply and drain this important gland. Challenge yourself and expand your understanding of thyroid anatomy.

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