T1 L7: Mechanisms of tolerance (NT)

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Which therapeutic approach involves the continuous administration of small amounts of allergens to induce antigen-specific tolerance?

Tolerogenic Vaccines

IL-2 Therapy

Hyposensitisation Immunotherapy (correct)

T cell Therapy

Which type of immunotherapy shows promise for the control of peanut allergy?

T cell Therapy

IL-2 Therapy

Tolerogenic Vaccines

Oral/sublingual desensitisation immunotherapy (correct)

How can sensitization to food antigen occur?

Through intravenous injection

Through oral ingestion

Through inhalation

Through cutaneous exposure (correct)

Which cells are involved in the expansion of intestinal mast cells and food-induced anaphylaxis?

Mast cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the learning outcome related to immune tolerance?

To explain the mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance in T and B cells Signup and view all the answers

Which article provides information on the mechanism of oral tolerance induction to therapeutic proteins?

Mechanism of oral tolerance induction to therapeutic proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines immunological tolerance?

The immune system's ability to recognize self from non-self antigens Signup and view all the answers

Where does the induction of tolerance to self antigens occur?

In the thymus and bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells play a role in peripheral tolerance induction?

FoxP3+ Regulatory T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between tolerance and immunosuppression?

Tolerance is antigen-specific, while immunosuppression is not antigen-specific Signup and view all the answers

Where do B cells develop?

In the bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

How does the immune system learn to discriminate between self and non-self?

Through central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells express TCR in the thymus?

Thymocytes Signup and view all the answers

What happens to thymocytes that cannot recognize self MHC expressed on the surface of cortical epithelial cells?

They undergo apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of positive selection in the thymus?

To retain thymocytes expressing TCR that recognize self MHC Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for negative selection in the thymus?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of AIRE (autoimmune regulator) in the thymus?

To regulate gene transcription in thymic medullary epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

How is tolerance established to antigens that cannot be expressed in the thymus?

Tolerance is induced and maintained outside the thymus Signup and view all the answers

Which immune checkpoint inhibitor has shown better results in combination with anti-PD-1 for the treatment of melanoma, lymphoma, lung, and renal cancer?

Anti-CTLA-4 antibody Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are critical for maintaining peripheral tolerance through suppressive mechanisms?

T regulatory cells (Tregs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of CD25 (IL-2Rα) in T regulatory cells (Tregs)?

Consumes IL2 to limit expansion of Teff Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Tregs in promoting tolerance?

Strengthen or re-establish self-tolerance in autoimmune disease Signup and view all the answers

Which inhibitory receptors are associated with increased expression in HIV-specific T cells and SARS-COV2-specific T cells, and are associated with disease severity?

CTLA-4 and PD-1 Signup and view all the answers

What antigen properties favor tolerance rather than immunogenicity?

Smaller, soluble, not-aggregated molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which cells undergo random somatic gene rearrangement to generate a diverse repertoire of antigen receptors?

B cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?

Positive selection of T cells with appropriate affinity for self MHC Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are involved in the process of central tolerance induction in the bone marrow?

B cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of negative selection in the thymus?

To remove self-reactive T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about thymic involution is true?

Thymic involution is complete by the age of 30 Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of positive selection in T cell development?

To generate diversity of T cell receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for the induction of peripheral tolerance?

Regulatory T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of central tolerance?

To prevent the recognition of self-antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are involved in the process of central tolerance induction in the thymus?

T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of regulatory T cells in immune tolerance?

To suppress immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about antigen-specific tolerance?

It is a mechanism of general lack of responsiveness Signup and view all the answers

Where do B cells develop?

In the bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of positive selection in T cell development?

To select T cells that can recognize self MHC Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Tregs in promoting tolerance?

To suppress immune responses Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for the maturation of T cells?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when T cells are selected based on their ability to recognize self antigens?

Positive selection Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are eliminated during negative selection in the thymus?

T cells that cannot recognize self antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the progressive impairment of the immune system with age?

Loss of thymus activity Signup and view all the answers

During the development of B cells, which process is responsible for rearranging the heavy and light chains of the antibody?

Somatic gene rearrangement Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of B cell maturation occurs in the bone marrow?

Immature B cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which B cells that recognize self antigens within the bone marrow are eliminated?

Apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of receptor editing in B cells?

To alter the specificity of the antibody Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the generation of diverse antigen receptors in T and B cells?

Alternative segments are used for alternative portions of the receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the somatic rearrangement of gene segments in T and B cells?

To generate a large variety of different receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which chromosomes are involved in the expression of light and heavy chains in T and B cells?

The light chains and heavy chains are expressed on different chromosomes in humans, but on the same chromosome in mice Signup and view all the answers

How are the gene segments in the immunoglobulin genes rearranged to produce the full protein?

The gene segments are randomly rearranged Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of somatic gene rearrangement in T cells?

To generate a diverse repertoire of antigen receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in antigen recognition between T cells and B cells?

T cells recognize antigens presented by antigen presenting cells, while B cells recognize antigens directly Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T cell receptor (TCR) in T cell activation?

To recognize antigens presented by antigen presenting cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of self MSI-restricted T cells?

They can engage with self antigen presenting cells Signup and view all the answers

Which two stages of selection are mentioned in the text?

Positive and negative selection Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of nursing cells in positive selection?

They enable positive selection by adding cells to the repertoire Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for negative selection?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of AIRE (autoimmune regulator) in the thymus?

It regulates the expression of tissue-specific antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?

To generate a diverse repertoire of antigen receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are critical for maintaining peripheral tolerance through suppressive mechanisms?

T regulatory cells Signup and view all the answers

T1 L7: Mechanisms of tolerance (NT)

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Questions and Answers

Which therapeutic approach involves the continuous administration of small amounts of allergens to induce antigen-specific tolerance?

Which type of immunotherapy shows promise for the control of peanut allergy?

How can sensitization to food antigen occur?

Which cells are involved in the expansion of intestinal mast cells and food-induced anaphylaxis?

What is the learning outcome related to immune tolerance?

Which article provides information on the mechanism of oral tolerance induction to therapeutic proteins?

Which of the following best defines immunological tolerance?

Where does the induction of tolerance to self antigens occur?

Which type of cells play a role in peripheral tolerance induction?

What is the difference between tolerance and immunosuppression?

Where do B cells develop?

How does the immune system learn to discriminate between self and non-self?

Which type of cells express TCR in the thymus?

What happens to thymocytes that cannot recognize self MHC expressed on the surface of cortical epithelial cells?

What is the purpose of positive selection in the thymus?

Which cells are responsible for negative selection in the thymus?

What is the role of AIRE (autoimmune regulator) in the thymus?

How is tolerance established to antigens that cannot be expressed in the thymus?

Which immune checkpoint inhibitor has shown better results in combination with anti-PD-1 for the treatment of melanoma, lymphoma, lung, and renal cancer?

Which cells are critical for maintaining peripheral tolerance through suppressive mechanisms?

What is the function of CD25 (IL-2Rα) in T regulatory cells (Tregs)?

What is the role of Tregs in promoting tolerance?

Which inhibitory receptors are associated with increased expression in HIV-specific T cells and SARS-COV2-specific T cells, and are associated with disease severity?

What antigen properties favor tolerance rather than immunogenicity?

Which cells undergo random somatic gene rearrangement to generate a diverse repertoire of antigen receptors?

What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?

Which cells are involved in the process of central tolerance induction in the bone marrow?

What is the main purpose of negative selection in the thymus?

Which of the following statements about thymic involution is true?

What is the significance of positive selection in T cell development?

Which cells are responsible for the induction of peripheral tolerance?

What is the main function of central tolerance?

Which cells are involved in the process of central tolerance induction in the thymus?

What is the role of regulatory T cells in immune tolerance?

Which of the following is true about antigen-specific tolerance?

Where do B cells develop?

What is the purpose of positive selection in T cell development?

What is the role of Tregs in promoting tolerance?

Which organ is responsible for the maturation of T cells?

What is the process called when T cells are selected based on their ability to recognize self antigens?

Which cells are eliminated during negative selection in the thymus?

What is the main reason for the progressive impairment of the immune system with age?

During the development of B cells, which process is responsible for rearranging the heavy and light chains of the antibody?

Which stage of B cell maturation occurs in the bone marrow?

What is the mechanism by which B cells that recognize self antigens within the bone marrow are eliminated?

What is the purpose of receptor editing in B cells?

Which of the following is true about the generation of diverse antigen receptors in T and B cells?

What is the purpose of the somatic rearrangement of gene segments in T and B cells?

Which chromosomes are involved in the expression of light and heavy chains in T and B cells?

How are the gene segments in the immunoglobulin genes rearranged to produce the full protein?

What is the purpose of somatic gene rearrangement in T cells?

What is the difference in antigen recognition between T cells and B cells?

What is the role of T cell receptor (TCR) in T cell activation?

What is the significance of self MSI-restricted T cells?

Which two stages of selection are mentioned in the text?

What is the role of nursing cells in positive selection?

Which cells are responsible for negative selection?

What is the function of AIRE (autoimmune regulator) in the thymus?

What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?

Which cells are critical for maintaining peripheral tolerance through suppressive mechanisms?

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