T1 L7: Mechanisms of tolerance (NT)
60 Questions
2 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which therapeutic approach involves the continuous administration of small amounts of allergens to induce antigen-specific tolerance?

  • Tolerogenic Vaccines
  • IL-2 Therapy
  • Hyposensitisation Immunotherapy (correct)
  • T cell Therapy

    • Which type of immunotherapy shows promise for the control of peanut allergy?

  • T cell Therapy
  • IL-2 Therapy
  • Tolerogenic Vaccines
  • Oral/sublingual desensitisation immunotherapy (correct)

    • How can sensitization to food antigen occur?

  • Through intravenous injection
  • Through oral ingestion
  • Through inhalation
  • Through cutaneous exposure (correct)

    • Which cells are involved in the expansion of intestinal mast cells and food-induced anaphylaxis?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the learning outcome related to immune tolerance?

    <p>To explain the mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance in T and B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article provides information on the mechanism of oral tolerance induction to therapeutic proteins?

    <p>Mechanism of oral tolerance induction to therapeutic proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines immunological tolerance?

    <p>The immune system's ability to recognize self from non-self antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the induction of tolerance to self antigens occur?

    <p>In the thymus and bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells play a role in peripheral tolerance induction?

    <p>FoxP3+ Regulatory T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between tolerance and immunosuppression?

    <p>Tolerance is antigen-specific, while immunosuppression is not antigen-specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do B cells develop?

    <p>In the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the immune system learn to discriminate between self and non-self?

    <p>Through central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells express TCR in the thymus?

    <p>Thymocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to thymocytes that cannot recognize self MHC expressed on the surface of cortical epithelial cells?

    <p>They undergo apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of positive selection in the thymus?

    <p>To retain thymocytes expressing TCR that recognize self MHC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for negative selection in the thymus?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of AIRE (autoimmune regulator) in the thymus?

    <p>To regulate gene transcription in thymic medullary epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is tolerance established to antigens that cannot be expressed in the thymus?

    <p>Tolerance is induced and maintained outside the thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune checkpoint inhibitor has shown better results in combination with anti-PD-1 for the treatment of melanoma, lymphoma, lung, and renal cancer?

    <p>Anti-CTLA-4 antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are critical for maintaining peripheral tolerance through suppressive mechanisms?

    <p>T regulatory cells (Tregs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of CD25 (IL-2Rα) in T regulatory cells (Tregs)?

    <p>Consumes IL2 to limit expansion of Teff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Tregs in promoting tolerance?

    <p>Strengthen or re-establish self-tolerance in autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inhibitory receptors are associated with increased expression in HIV-specific T cells and SARS-COV2-specific T cells, and are associated with disease severity?

    <p>CTLA-4 and PD-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What antigen properties favor tolerance rather than immunogenicity?

    <p>Smaller, soluble, not-aggregated molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells undergo random somatic gene rearrangement to generate a diverse repertoire of antigen receptors?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?

    <p>Positive selection of T cells with appropriate affinity for self MHC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are involved in the process of central tolerance induction in the bone marrow?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of negative selection in the thymus?

    <p>To remove self-reactive T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about thymic involution is true?

    <p>Thymic involution is complete by the age of 30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of positive selection in T cell development?

    <p>To generate diversity of T cell receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for the induction of peripheral tolerance?

    <p>Regulatory T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of central tolerance?

    <p>To prevent the recognition of self-antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are involved in the process of central tolerance induction in the thymus?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of regulatory T cells in immune tolerance?

    <p>To suppress immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about antigen-specific tolerance?

    <p>It is a mechanism of general lack of responsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do B cells develop?

    <p>In the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of positive selection in T cell development?

    <p>To select T cells that can recognize self MHC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Tregs in promoting tolerance?

    <p>To suppress immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is responsible for the maturation of T cells?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when T cells are selected based on their ability to recognize self antigens?

    <p>Positive selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are eliminated during negative selection in the thymus?

    <p>T cells that cannot recognize self antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the progressive impairment of the immune system with age?

    <p>Loss of thymus activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the development of B cells, which process is responsible for rearranging the heavy and light chains of the antibody?

    <p>Somatic gene rearrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of B cell maturation occurs in the bone marrow?

    <p>Immature B cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which B cells that recognize self antigens within the bone marrow are eliminated?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of receptor editing in B cells?

    <p>To alter the specificity of the antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the generation of diverse antigen receptors in T and B cells?

    <p>Alternative segments are used for alternative portions of the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the somatic rearrangement of gene segments in T and B cells?

    <p>To generate a large variety of different receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosomes are involved in the expression of light and heavy chains in T and B cells?

    <p>The light chains and heavy chains are expressed on different chromosomes in humans, but on the same chromosome in mice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the gene segments in the immunoglobulin genes rearranged to produce the full protein?

    <p>The gene segments are randomly rearranged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of somatic gene rearrangement in T cells?

    <p>To generate a diverse repertoire of antigen receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in antigen recognition between T cells and B cells?

    <p>T cells recognize antigens presented by antigen presenting cells, while B cells recognize antigens directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of T cell receptor (TCR) in T cell activation?

    <p>To recognize antigens presented by antigen presenting cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of self MSI-restricted T cells?

    <p>They can engage with self antigen presenting cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two stages of selection are mentioned in the text?

    <p>Positive and negative selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nursing cells in positive selection?

    <p>They enable positive selection by adding cells to the repertoire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for negative selection?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of AIRE (autoimmune regulator) in the thymus?

    <p>It regulates the expression of tissue-specific antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?

    <p>To generate a diverse repertoire of antigen receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are critical for maintaining peripheral tolerance through suppressive mechanisms?

    <p>T regulatory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser