Thrombosis and Anticoagulation in Dogs and Cats

What is the primary focus of therapeutic anticoagulation decisions?

Which of the following is a key consideration when determining the need for prophylactic anticoagulation?

In which percentage of dogs is PTE (pulmonary thromboembolism) clinically suspected based on necropsy findings?

When might anticoagulation be considered in veterinary medicine?

Which of the following is a consideration when determining when to stop anticoagulation?

According to the CURATIVE guidelines, what factor is most important when considering prophylactic anticoagulation?

Which of the following diagnostic tests is LEAST helpful in assessing thrombosis risk?

Dogs with what condition are classified as 'maybe' for antithrombotic therapy, according to the CURATIVE guidelines?

Given that shortened prothrombin time was measured, what can be inferred?

What is indicated by normal or low D-dimer levels?

What does viscoelastic testing measure?

The CURATIVE guidelines for antithrombotic use in veterinary critical care emphasize:

What is the clinical significance of D-dimers in the context of thrombosis?

Which of the following is considered a limitation of using PT and aPTT results to predict thromboembolic events?

What is the role of aminocaproic acid in treating hyperfibrinolysis?

According to the information, what is a potential consideration regarding the use of rivaroxaban?

Compared to venous thrombosis, arterial thrombosis has which of the following characteristics?

What is a key difference between unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)?

How does low-dose aspirin affect platelet function?

What is a notable feature of rivaroxaban regarding the need for monitoring?

When might platelet blockers be considered an appropriate therapeutic choice?

Which of the following scenarios necessitates a pause and dose adjustment of a drug?

What are two common scenarios where antifibrinolytic drugs may be considered?

For a dog on enoxaparin that needs surgery, approximately how far in advance should enoxaparin be discontinued?

For a dog on Plavix that needs surgery, approximately how far in advance should Plavix be discontinued?

A veterinarian is evaluating a patient receiving unfractionated heparin. What parameter is typically monitored to assess the drug's effect?

When using viscoelastic testing, which component measures the time until clot reaches a fixed strength?

When using viscoelastic testing, an increased R time indicates what?

When using viscoelastic testing, Alpha angle relates to what?

When using viscoelastic testing, Maximum Amplitude (MA) typically measures what component?

A patient presents with hemorrhage with excess fibrinolysis, what treatment could be considered?

According to the TEG variables, what does the angle measure?

What is the upper limit of the typical value for lysis at 30 minutes (LY30)?

What coagulation index (CI) value would indicate a risk of thrombosis?

What is a consideration for anticoagulation in cases of protein-losing nephropathy (PLN)?

According to the ACVIM consensus statement guidelines for the classification, diagnosis, and management of cardiomyopathies in cats, what pharmacological treatment could be considered?

A veterinary study showed longer survivability in cats that received what antithrombotic medication?

A 3-year-old Chow Chow presents with acute onset hind end paresis and lack of femoral pulses, evaluated for possible T3L3 disease. Creatinine is 6.2mg/dl, BUN 88mg/dl, Albumin 1.2mg/dl, UA: proteinuria. This animal is most likely to have what?

A Chow Chow comes in with Protein-losing nephropathy, and has vomiting and signs of thrombus, what anticoagulation considerations must be taken into account?

Knowing enoxaparin is $18/ml and reported doses vary in studies, for a 25kg dog, what approximate monthly cost can be expected for 25mg TID?

Given the following TEG results, what value is outside normal?

R K min min Angle deg MA mm PMA G d/sc EPL % A CI LY30 % a 3.2 0.8 80.0 83.0 24.4K 3.5 6.0

4-8 1-4 47-74 55-73 6.0K-13.2K 0-15 -3-3 3.5 0-8

A greyhound presents with bleeding, what could be considered as treatment for hyperfibrinolysis?

In the context of anticoagulation, what is the primary distinction between 'therapeutic' and 'prophylactic' approaches?

What percentage of dogs with pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) are estimated to have clinically silent conditions?

Which of the following clinical signs is LEAST likely to be associated with thrombosis?

In veterinary medicine, 'CURATIVE guidelines' are specifically referenced in the context of:

Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned as an 'added risk' for thrombosis?

In a dog diagnosed with IMHA and receiving prednisone, what is a relevant consideration regarding thrombosis?

Which of the following laboratory tests is specifically indicated for assessing fibrinolysis?

According to the information provided, what is a significant limitation of using PT and aPTT in predicting thromboembolic events?

What is the clinical interpretation of a normal or low D-dimer level in a patient suspected of thrombosis?

In viscoelastic testing, what does the 'R time' specifically measure?

An increased 'K time' in viscoelastic testing is most indicative of a deficiency or dysfunction in which coagulation component?

The 'Alpha angle' in viscoelastic testing is primarily related to:

What does 'MA' (Maximum Amplitude) primarily reflect in viscoelastic testing?

According to TEG variables, what does the 'Angle' specifically measure?

A TEG Angle of less than 45 degrees suggests a potential need for:

What is the clinical implication of a Coagulation Index (CI) value greater than 3, according to TEG analysis?

In the CURATIVE guidelines, which condition is classified under the 'High risk' category for antithrombotic therapy consideration?

Which of the following conditions is categorized as 'Maybe' in the CURATIVE guidelines for antithrombotic therapy consideration?

According to the CURATIVE guidelines, which condition falls into the 'No' category for routine prophylactic antithrombotic therapy?

Compared to venous thrombi, arterial thrombi are typically described as:

Which of the following is a key mechanism of action for aspirin as a platelet blocker?

Clopidogrel's antiplatelet effect is primarily mediated through:

According to the FAT cat study, which antiplatelet drug demonstrated longer survival and longer interval to relapse of thromboembolism in cats with cardiomyopathy?

When are platelet blockers considered as prophylactic antithrombotic agents?

Unfractionated heparin (UFH) exerts its anticoagulant effect primarily by:

What is a key pharmacokinetic difference between unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) like enoxaparin?

Why is monitoring of aPTT typically recommended when using unfractionated heparin (UFH)?

Which of the following is a notable advantage of using enoxaparin (LMWH) over unfractionated heparin (UFH)?

Rivaroxaban, a Factor Xa inhibitor, is characterized by which of the following?

If bleeding is noted in a dog receiving rivaroxaban chronically, what is a recommended initial management step?

For a dog on enoxaparin needing surgery, approximately how many hours prior to the procedure should enoxaparin be discontinued to minimize bleeding risk?

For a dog on clopidogrel (Plavix) needing surgery, how far in advance should it ideally be discontinued?

Which of the following is a primary indication for using antifibrinolytic drugs like aminocaproic acid or tranexamic acid?

In which specific breed is the use of antifibrinolytic drugs, such as aminocaproic acid, often considered perioperatively due to a predisposition to bleeding?

What is the mechanism of action of antifibrinolytic drugs like aminocaproic acid?

According to the ACVIM consensus statement guidelines for feline cardiomyopathies, which of the following is considered a pharmacological treatment option?

In a Chow Chow presenting with acute onset hind limb paresis, proteinuria, azotemia and hypoalbuminemia, what is the most likely underlying condition associated with these findings and increased thrombosis risk?

Considering the cost of enoxaparin at $18/ml and a dose of 25mg TID for a 25kg dog (assuming 100mg/ml concentration), what is the approximate monthly medication cost?

Given the TEG results: R 3.2 min (4-8), K 0.8 min (1-4), Angle 80 deg (47-74), MA 83 mm (55-73), which value is outside the normal reference range and indicative of hypercoagulability?

A greyhound presents with post-operative bleeding. Which antifibrinolytic drug would be most appropriate to consider for treatment of potential hyperfibrinolysis?

What is a key consideration when deciding between unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)?

According to the CURATIVE guidelines, which of the following is classified as 'High risk' for antithrombotic therapy consideration?

Which of the following is a key factor when considering stopping anticoagulation?

In viscoelastic testing, what does the K time measure?

What could be the interpretation of thromboelastography (TEG) results that show a normal tracing in a patient with a disease typically associated with a high risk of thrombosis?

Given the TEG tracing with a Coagulation Index (CI) greater than 3, what is the best interpretation?

Why is a citrate tube preferred over an EDTA tube for coagulation testing?

In veterinary medicine, what is the MOST common use of anticoagulant drugs?

What is a key difference in how anticoagulant drugs are dosed in human versus veterinary medicine?

What is the MOST important factor to consider when deciding whether to initiate prophylactic anticoagulant therapy in a patient?

Which imaging modality is considered the gold standard for diagnosing pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE)?

What is a significant challenge in diagnosing thrombosis?

What is an important consideration regarding splenic infarcts found incidentally on ultrasound?

According to the curative guidelines, which disease is classified as high risk and should always be anticoagulated?

In a dog with IMHA, what concurrent condition must be ruled out before initiating anticoagulation?

What is the clinical utility of D-dimer testing in assessing thrombotic risk?

What two parameters are measured by Thromboelastography (TEG)?

According to the CURATIVE guidelines, routine prophylactic antithrombotic therapy is NOT typically recommended for which of the following conditions?

When comparing arterial versus venous thrombi, which characteristic is MORE typical of arterial clots?

What is the primary mechanism of action of aspirin as a platelet blocker?

According to the FAT CAT study, which antiplatelet drug demonstrated a benefit in cats with aortic thromboembolism (ATE)?

What is a major limitation of using warfarin as an anticoagulant, according to the information provided?

What is the primary mechanism by which unfractionated heparin (UFH) exerts its anticoagulant effect?

What is a key reason why monitoring is necessary when using unfractionated heparin (UFH)?

What is a notable advantage of using low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) over unfractionated heparin (UFH)?

Which coagulation factor is MOST targeted by low molecular weight heparins?

Why is enoxaparin typically administered twice daily in veterinary patients, despite being used once daily in human medicine?

What is a potential limitation of relying solely on clopidogrel for anticoagulation in high-risk thrombotic conditions?

According to the CURATIVE guidelines, which of the following conditions is considered to have a 'high' risk of thrombosis and warrants routine anticoagulation?

How does the mechanism of action differ between platelet blockers like clopidogrel and heparin-based anticoagulants?

A veterinary patient is diagnosed with necrotizing pancreatitis. According to the CURATIVE guidelines, how should this diagnosis influence the decision to initiate antithrombotic therapy?

A dog is diagnosed with IMHA, and the veterinarian decides to start anticoagulant therapy. Which of the following drugs would be MOST appropriate to combine with heparin in this high-risk situation?

A veterinarian suspects a cat has an arterial thrombus. Which of the following anticoagulant drugs may be MOST appropriate?

A Doberman presents with dilated cardiomyopathy, what adjunctive medication should be prescribed?

What is the major difference in molecular size regarding unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin?

Once UFH is administered and a baseline PTT (partial thromboplastin time) is pulled, by how much should you prolong the PTT by subsequent measurements to reach a therapeutic level?

What can best be done to affordably administer UFH to limit costs?

How does the action of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) differ from unfractionated heparin (UFH)?

When low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) first came out, what was the touted thought?

How can a veterinarian quantify the anticoagulant effects of low molecular weight heparin by measurements in a patient?

With administration of low molecular weight heparin, what is targeted anti-10A range for ideal anticoagulation?

A dog presents with a confirmed thrombus, but a veterinarian is unable to provide further treatment. What is a harmful action a general practitioner could do?

A dog presents with aortic thromboembolism with acute pain. How would you dose low molecular weight heparin without diagnostic support?

To best explain D-dimers results as 'moderate', what clarification can best convey concerns in dogs with IMHA?

What is the primary reason a citrate tube is used for coagulation testing instead of an EDTA tube?

In veterinary medicine, what is the primary shift in focus regarding coagulation disorders?

What is the main conceptual difference between prophylactic and therapeutic use of anticoagulants?

How might a veterinarian's approach to anticoagulant use differ between prophylactic and therapeutic scenarios?

What is the gold standard diagnostic test for identifying pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE)?

What is a significant challenge in diagnosing thrombosis that may obscure clinical detection?

What is the significance of an incidentally discovered splenic infarct on ultrasound?

When might initiating anticoagulant therapy be warranted based on clinical findings and disease context?

Why is it important to rule out Evans syndrome before anticoagulating a dog diagnosed with IMHA?

What is the utility of D-dimer testing in assessing thrombotic risk?

In the context of the cell-based model of coagulation, what initiates the coagulation cascade?

What distinguishes arterial thrombi from venous thrombi in terms of composition and the implications for anticoagulant therapy?

What is the mechanism of action of clopidogrel (Plavix) as a platelet blocker?

According to the FAT CAT study, what advantage does clopidogrel have over aspirin in treating cats with aortic thromboembolism (ATE)?

What prompted the change from aspirin to clopidogrel as the preferred antiplatelet drug in cats?

What is a key limitation of using platelet blockers alone in high-risk thrombotic conditions such as IMHA?

How does unfractionated heparin (UFH) exert its anticoagulant effect?

Why is monitoring of PTT (partial thromboplastin time) typically recommended when using unfractionated heparin (UFH)?

What coagulation factor is primarily targeted by low molecular weight heparins (LMWH)?

Why is enoxaparin (a low molecular weight heparin) typically administered twice daily in veterinary patients, despite being used once daily in human medicine?

What range should the anti-Xa level be for ideal anticoagulation when using low molecular weight heparin?

Which of the following diseases typically requires anticoagulation?

According to the curative guidelines, which disease does not typically require routine anticoagulation?

If your patient has multiple risk factors such as a diabetic dog with pancreatitis, what would this require?

What is the primary advantage of using low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) such as enoxaparin over unfractionated heparin (UFH) in the outpatient setting?

Which of the following best describes the difference in the mechanism of action between unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin?

A general practitioner calls you up after a dog suffers from an aortic thromboembolism, and there is nothing that they can do . What is the most egregious thing that they can do?

What is a practical consideration for administering unfractionated heparin (UFH) affordably?

A client is financial, and you are going to treat a dog with acute pain aortic thromboembolism without diagnostic support. What is a starting dose for low molecular weight heparin for this patient?

According to the curative guidelines, which are classified as 'maybe' for anticoagulation?

When might platelet blockers be considered more appropriate?

When evaluating a dog with IMHA for the need for antithrombotic therapy, why is the platelet count such an important consideration?

After a patient has moderate levels of D-dimers after a confirmed diagnosis of IMHA, what could best clarify next steps?

Which of the following findings indicates the strongest need to anticoagulate as part of the treatment plan?

Platelet blockers are convenient and relatively inexpensive, making them appealing for widespread use. However, in which situation would platelet blockers be considered insufficient as a sole agent?

How should the cost of anticoagulant drugs influence treatment choices?

What is the primary reason a citrated (blue top) tube is used for coagulation testing instead of an EDTA (purple top) tube?

Why has the focus in veterinary medicine shifted from primarily addressing bleeding disorders to also including thrombosis management?

What is the primary conceptual difference between prophylactic and therapeutic use of anticoagulant drugs?

In the context of anticoagulant use, how might a veterinarian's approach differ between prophylactic and therapeutic scenarios?

According to the cell-based model of coagulation, what initiates the coagulation cascade?

A dog with IMHA is started on heparin, then later dies despite treatment. Which of the following statements is most accurate about whether the antithrombotic treatment was effective?