Thrombopoiesis: Platelet Formation
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Questions and Answers

What is the initial cell type in thrombopoiesis?

  • Platelets
  • Megakaryocytes
  • CFU-Meg cells (correct)
  • Megakaryoblasts

    • What occurs during endomitotic replication in megakaryoblasts?

  • Cell division
  • Release of platelets into the blood
  • DNA replication without division (correct)
  • Formation of small cell fragments

    • Which of the following is NOT a key factor in thrombopoiesis?

  • Erythropoietin (EPO) (correct)
  • Thrombopoietin (TPO)
  • GM-CSF
  • IL-3

    • What happens if thrombopoiesis fails?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process follows the replication of DNA in megakaryoblasts during thrombopoiesis?

    <p>Nuclear lobulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage comes immediately after the Promyelocyte stage in the granulocyte maturation process?

    <p>Myelocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the maturation of granulocytes, what is the stage before the Metamyelocyte?

    <p>Myelocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial stage of granulocyte maturation?

    <p>Blast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the granulocyte maturation process, what is the final stage before reaching maturity?

    <p>Metamyelocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following illustrates the correct sequence in the granulocyte maturation process?

    <p>Blast, Promyelocyte, Myelocyte, Metamyelocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ploidy range of a megakaryoblast?

    <p>4-32n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type has a ploidy range of 8-32n?

    <p>promegakaryocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what ploidy range does a megakaryocyte exist?

    <p>8-64n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of thrombopoiesis does the ploidy range reach up to 64n?

    <p>megakaryocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial cell type in the process of thrombopoiesis?

    <p>megakaryoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Ly' stand for in the context of bone marrow architecture?

    <p>Lymphocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is represented by 'Mega' in bone marrow architecture?

    <p>Megakaryocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of cell development is indicated by 'E3-E4'?

    <p>Late erythroblast stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of 'Seg' in bone marrow architecture?

    <p>Segmented neutrophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'SC' represent in the context of bone marrow cytology?

    <p>Stromal cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage of erythropoiesis are cells described as having a large, dark purple nucleus with blue cytoplasm containing small, dark purple granules?

    <p>Pronormoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage in erythropoiesis comes directly after BFU-E?

    <p>CFU-E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of polychromatic red cells (reticulocytes) in erythropoiesis?

    <p>Pale blue cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of erythropoiesis is characterized by the presence of many small, reddish-brown, irregularly-shaped cells with a larger, more prominent cell in the center?

    <p>CFU-E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is shared by intermediate and late normoblasts during erythropoiesis?

    <p>A large, dark purple nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is the last stage in monopoiesis?

    <p>Monocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first cell type in the process of monopoiesis?

    <p>Monoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an intermediate stage in monopoiesis?

    <p>Promonocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type directly precedes the immature monocyte in monopoiesis?

    <p>Promonocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these cells appears with dense, rounded nucleus in the monopoiesis process?

    <p>Monoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell evolves from a promonocyte?

    <p>Monocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with the development of red cells?

    <p>EPO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood cell does CFU-Meg develop into?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is associated with the development of basophils?

    <p>IL-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is involved in the lineage leading to neutrophils?

    <p>G-CSF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor promotes the differentiation of monocytes?

    <p>M-CSF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood cell does CFU-Eo develop into?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which progenitor cell directly gives rise to Red cells?

    <p>CFU-E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the precursor cell to Neutrophils?

    <p>CFU-G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which cell do Platelets originate?

    <p>CFU-Meg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type does CFU-GM directly differentiate into?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell lineage comes from CFU-L?

    <p>T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial cell type in erythropoiesis?

    <p>BFU-E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor promotes the development of monocytes?

    <p>M-CSF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is a precursor for granulocytes and monocytes?

    <p>CFU-GEMM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage follows the pronormoblast in erythropoiesis?

    <p>Normoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of blasts?

    <p>Basophilic cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth factors help create precursor cells for granulocytes and monocytes?

    <p>GM-CSF and IL-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do late normoblasts mature into in erythropoiesis?

    <p>Reticulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates a problem in granulopoiesis?

    <p>Neutropenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does haemopoiesis occur in the embryo?

    <p>Yolk sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which site is NOT a haemopoietic site in adults?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of development does the bone marrow start to function as a haemopoietic site?

    <p>Foetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of development do all bones contain haemopoietic bone marrow?

    <p>Infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which haemopoietic sites are present during the foetal stage?

    <p>Liver, spleen, and bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Thrombopoiesis

    • Thrombopoiesis is the process of making platelets.
    • Starts with CFU-Meg cells, which turn into megakaryoblasts.
    • Megakaryoblasts undergo endomitotic replication, becoming polyploid (having multiple sets of chromosomes).
    • Nuclear lobulation occurs, where the nucleus of these cells develops multiple lobes.
    • Platelets are formed from small fragments released from megakaryocytes into the blood.
    • Key factors: GM-CSF, TPO (thrombopoietin), and IL-3 are essential for this process.

    Granulocyte Progenitors

    • Maturation stages: blast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band form, and segmented neutrophil.

    Bone Marrow Architecture

    • Stromal cells, megakaryocytes, lymphocytes, and precursors of different blood cells are present in the bone marrow.
    • Different stages of red cell development (E3-E4) are seen in the bone marrow.

    Erythropoiesis

    • Maturation stages:
      • BFU-E (early red blood cell precursors)
      • CFU-E (further development)
      • Pronormoblasts (first recognizable red blood cell precursors)
      • Early, intermediate, and late normoblasts (maturation stages)
      • Reticulocytes (almost mature red blood cells)
      • Red blood cells (fully functional)
    • Erythropoiesis is the process of making red blood cells.
    • Key factor: EPO (erythropoietin).

    Haemopoiesis Sites and Drivers

    • Pluripotent stem cells can develop into different types of blood cells.
    • CFU-GEMM (Colony Forming Unit-Granulocyte, Erythrocyte, Monocyte, Megakaryocyte) is a precursor cell that can develop into different blood cells.
    • Different colony forming units (CFU) and growth factors are involved in the development of different blood cells:
      • CFU-E and EPO (erythropoietin) for red blood cells
      • CFU-Meg and TPO (thrombopoietin) for platelets
      • CFU-GM and GM-CSF for granulocytes and monocytes
      • CFU-G and G-CSF for granulocytes
      • CFU-M and M-CSF for monocytes
      • CFU-Eo and IL-5 for eosinophils
      • CFU-Baso and IL-3 for basophils
      • CFU-L and GM-CSF for lymphocytes

    Monopoiesis

    • Monopoiesis is the process of making monocytes.
    • Starts with CFU-GM stage.
    • M-CSF (macrophage colony stimulating factor) is essential for monocyte development.
    • Immature monocyte stages: monoblast, promonocyte, and immature monocyte.

    Blood Cell Development

    • Haemopoiesis begins with pluripotent stem cells.
    • Immature cells called "blasts" have distinctive features:
      • High nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
      • Noticeable nucleolus
      • Open chromatin
      • Basophilic cytoplasm
    • Blasts differentiate into different blood cell types in response to growth factors.

    Disorders

    • Neutropenia (lack of granulocytes) and monocytopenia (lack of monocytes) can result from problems in granulopoiesis and monopoiesis.

    Haemopoietic Sites

    • Haemopoietic sites vary with age:
      • Embryo: yolk sac
      • Foetus: liver, spleen, and bone marrow
      • Infants: all bones - bone marrow
      • Adults: vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, sacrum, pelvis, and proximal ends of femur

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    Description

    Learn about the process of thrombopoiesis, from CFU-Meg cells to platelet formation, and the key factors involved. Understand the role of megakaryoblasts, endomitotic replication, and nuclear lobulation.

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