Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary psychological response during the reflexive stage of belonging threats?
What is the primary psychological response during the reflexive stage of belonging threats?
Which method is used to experimentally manipulate ostracism?
Which method is used to experimentally manipulate ostracism?
What type of belonging threat is characterized by being ignored without explicit negative attention?
What type of belonging threat is characterized by being ignored without explicit negative attention?
What impact does taking pain medication have on feelings of social exclusion?
What impact does taking pain medication have on feelings of social exclusion?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect do personality perceptions during the exclusion condition have on individuals?
What effect do personality perceptions during the exclusion condition have on individuals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the phenomenon where individuals experience social pain by witnessing another's rejection called?
What is the phenomenon where individuals experience social pain by witnessing another's rejection called?
Signup and view all the answers
During which stage do individuals assess the immediate emotional impact of exclusion?
During which stage do individuals assess the immediate emotional impact of exclusion?
Signup and view all the answers
What observation was made about Clinton voters after the 2016 election?
What observation was made about Clinton voters after the 2016 election?
Signup and view all the answers
How does viewing one's pet as family affect well-being?
How does viewing one's pet as family affect well-being?
Signup and view all the answers
What was a key finding of Slotter et al. about jealousy and self-view?
What was a key finding of Slotter et al. about jealousy and self-view?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the narrative-assimilation hypothesis suggest about experiencing a narrative?
What does the narrative-assimilation hypothesis suggest about experiencing a narrative?
Signup and view all the answers
What does self-concept clarity (SCC) refer to?
What does self-concept clarity (SCC) refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the PSR-moderation hypothesis primarily concerned with?
What is the PSR-moderation hypothesis primarily concerned with?
Signup and view all the answers
How did individuals report their self-concept clarity after a breakup according to Slotter et al.?
How did individuals report their self-concept clarity after a breakup according to Slotter et al.?
Signup and view all the answers
What impact did forming a PSR with Donald Trump via The Apprentice have on voters in the 2016 presidential election?
What impact did forming a PSR with Donald Trump via The Apprentice have on voters in the 2016 presidential election?
Signup and view all the answers
How do parasocial relationships provide emotional benefits?
How do parasocial relationships provide emotional benefits?
Signup and view all the answers
What psychological function does nostalgia serve in relation to social connections?
What psychological function does nostalgia serve in relation to social connections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition led participants to feel more distressed in Slotter et al.'s research?
Which condition led participants to feel more distressed in Slotter et al.'s research?
Signup and view all the answers
How does nostalgia affect perceived social support when individuals feel lonely?
How does nostalgia affect perceived social support when individuals feel lonely?
Signup and view all the answers
What factor was manipulated in the study on self-concept clarity involving blog posts?
What factor was manipulated in the study on self-concept clarity involving blog posts?
Signup and view all the answers
According to the research, what outcome is associated with higher perceived personality similarity with a celebrity?
According to the research, what outcome is associated with higher perceived personality similarity with a celebrity?
Signup and view all the answers
What behavioral tendency was observed among participants with low belonging in the TV show experiment?
What behavioral tendency was observed among participants with low belonging in the TV show experiment?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does nostalgia play in relation to interpersonal competence?
What role does nostalgia play in relation to interpersonal competence?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement reflects how pets impact well-being?
Which statement reflects how pets impact well-being?
Signup and view all the answers
What does nostalgia evoke in relation to self-knowledge?
What does nostalgia evoke in relation to self-knowledge?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the social surrogacy hypothesis suggest about parasocial relationships?
What does the social surrogacy hypothesis suggest about parasocial relationships?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of nostalgia's influence on consumer behavior, what was predicted regarding nostalgic food labels?
In the context of nostalgia's influence on consumer behavior, what was predicted regarding nostalgic food labels?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of nostalgic memories compared to ordinary memories according to the Event Reflection Task?
What is a characteristic of nostalgic memories compared to ordinary memories according to the Event Reflection Task?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of gender-exclusive language on women's motivation to apply for jobs?
What is the effect of gender-exclusive language on women's motivation to apply for jobs?
Signup and view all the answers
What psychological mechanism orients people toward social cues after exclusion?
What psychological mechanism orients people toward social cues after exclusion?
Signup and view all the answers
How does feeling excluded affect the ability to discern real vs fake smiles?
How does feeling excluded affect the ability to discern real vs fake smiles?
Signup and view all the answers
According to embodied cognition, how does social exclusion relate to coldness?
According to embodied cognition, how does social exclusion relate to coldness?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the key characteristic of the resignation stage in the need-threat model?
What is the key characteristic of the resignation stage in the need-threat model?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the research suggest about the role of nostalgia in countering feelings of loneliness?
What did the research suggest about the role of nostalgia in countering feelings of loneliness?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of people have a close relationship reflected in their self aspects according to the MSF?
What percentage of people have a close relationship reflected in their self aspects according to the MSF?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect of partner interactions enhances perceptions of partner closeness in romantic relationships?
What aspect of partner interactions enhances perceptions of partner closeness in romantic relationships?
Signup and view all the answers
In which stage of the need-threat model are individuals less likely to attempt to restore their psychological needs?
In which stage of the need-threat model are individuals less likely to attempt to restore their psychological needs?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the 'Forever Alone' study reveal about individuals induced to feel lonely?
What did the 'Forever Alone' study reveal about individuals induced to feel lonely?
Signup and view all the answers
What common outcome is linked with long-term social exclusion?
What common outcome is linked with long-term social exclusion?
Signup and view all the answers
How does perceived partner satisfaction impact relationship dynamics?
How does perceived partner satisfaction impact relationship dynamics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key component of self other overlap in relationships?
What is a key component of self other overlap in relationships?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of individualistic cultures?
What is the primary characteristic of individualistic cultures?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cultural dimension emphasizes the interdependence of self and social relationships?
Which cultural dimension emphasizes the interdependence of self and social relationships?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of dining experiences, how do collectivist cultures typically approach meals?
In the context of dining experiences, how do collectivist cultures typically approach meals?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the observed relationship between individualism and trust radius?
What was the observed relationship between individualism and trust radius?
Signup and view all the answers
What does self construal theory primarily examine?
What does self construal theory primarily examine?
Signup and view all the answers
What communication behavior is typically associated with individuals from collectivistic cultures?
What communication behavior is typically associated with individuals from collectivistic cultures?
Signup and view all the answers
How do attitudes differ in the person-centric model compared to the normative contextual model?
How do attitudes differ in the person-centric model compared to the normative contextual model?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true regarding cultural expressions of attitudes?
Which of the following is true regarding cultural expressions of attitudes?
Signup and view all the answers
In the study of digital communication, what was predicted about East Asian participants' emoji use?
In the study of digital communication, what was predicted about East Asian participants' emoji use?
Signup and view all the answers
What impact does interdependent self construal have on coping with social exclusion?
What impact does interdependent self construal have on coping with social exclusion?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of cultural music preferences, which genre is commonly associated with individualistic cultures?
In the context of cultural music preferences, which genre is commonly associated with individualistic cultures?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the self concept content differ between independent and interdependent self construals?
How does the self concept content differ between independent and interdependent self construals?
Signup and view all the answers
What result was found regarding trust levels among ingroup and outgroup members across individualistic and collectivistic cultures?
What result was found regarding trust levels among ingroup and outgroup members across individualistic and collectivistic cultures?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between nostalgia and purchase intention in the context of food labels?
What is the relationship between nostalgia and purchase intention in the context of food labels?
Signup and view all the answers
In which type of cultures does greater attitudinal accessibility lead to a stronger attitude choice correspondence?
In which type of cultures does greater attitudinal accessibility lead to a stronger attitude choice correspondence?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following was a method used to assess cultural differences in dissonance effects?
Which of the following was a method used to assess cultural differences in dissonance effects?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key feature of holistic thinking compared to analytic thinking?
What is a key feature of holistic thinking compared to analytic thinking?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cultural approach is more likely to cause individuals to experience dissonance when social standing is implicated?
Which cultural approach is more likely to cause individuals to experience dissonance when social standing is implicated?
Signup and view all the answers
What influences the intention to buy a product according to cultural emphasis in advertisements?
What influences the intention to buy a product according to cultural emphasis in advertisements?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about dialectical thinking is true?
Which statement about dialectical thinking is true?
Signup and view all the answers
In a study about emotional experiences, how did collectivist cultures that embrace dialecticism respond to their feelings?
In a study about emotional experiences, how did collectivist cultures that embrace dialecticism respond to their feelings?
Signup and view all the answers
What do analytic thinkers tend to focus on in problem-solving situations?
What do analytic thinkers tend to focus on in problem-solving situations?
Signup and view all the answers
Which struggle is indicated by greater accessibility leading to faster decision-making specifically in individualist cultures?
Which struggle is indicated by greater accessibility leading to faster decision-making specifically in individualist cultures?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term describes the phenomenon of individuals viewing contradictory scientific findings as equally plausible?
Which term describes the phenomenon of individuals viewing contradictory scientific findings as equally plausible?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cultural components heavily influence advertising strategies according to the research?
Which cultural components heavily influence advertising strategies according to the research?
Signup and view all the answers
In terms of attitude expression, which characteristic is more prevalent among collectivist cultures?
In terms of attitude expression, which characteristic is more prevalent among collectivist cultures?
Signup and view all the answers
What implication does higher dissonance have for individuals in an interdependent culture?
What implication does higher dissonance have for individuals in an interdependent culture?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Threat Model of Belonging
- Belonging threats trigger three stages of response: reflexive, reflective, and resignation.
-
Types of Belonging Threats:
- Rejection: A direct declaration from an individual or group that they do not want another individual in their company.
- Ostracism: Passive exclusion or being ignored, often without explanation.
- Loneliness: Perception that one's social needs are unsatisfied by the quantity or quality of relationships.
-
Experimental Manipulation of Belonging Threats:
- Cyberball: An ostracism paradigm simulating exclusion in a virtual ball-tossing game.
- "Get acquainted" paradigm: Rejection paradigm, creating situations of poor relationship prospects throughout life.
- "Forever alone" paradigm: Loneliness paradigm, priming participants to feel permanently excluded socially.
- Vicarious rejection: Experiencing social pain from observing another's rejection. For instance, one's perceived loss of social standing following a political election.
Reflexive Stage
- The reflexive stage focuses on the immediate emotional impact of exclusion.
- Exclusion produces psychological pain comparable in processing to physical pain, involving regions like the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex.
- Exclusion still hurts even if the excluder is a stranger, a computer, or a member of an undesirable group. (Consistent with sociometer theory).
- Gender-exclusive language in job postings can be a subtle belonging threat, potentially reducing a woman's motivation to apply, mediated by perceived sexism and anticipated ostracism.
Reflective Stage
- The reflective stage concerns how individuals respond to and cope with threats to belonging.
- A social monitoring system emerges after exclusion, directing attention to social cues that might restore belonging.
- After exclusion, people are quicker to notice happy faces, suggesting an active search for affiliation.
- Excluded people are also more accurate in discerning genuine smiles.
- Social exclusion evokes a sense of coldness. Participants excluded in a game preferred warm foods and drinks.
Resignation Stage
- The resignation stage describes responses to chronic exclusion.
- Chronic exclusion often triggers hypersensitivity to social exclusion cues, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy of exclusion due to subsequent social distancing behaviors.
- Individuals may exhibit a decreased desire to restore social needs even when threatened, potentially due to long-term negative experiences with exclusion.
- Nostalgic memories can help increase perceived social support in the face of loneliness.
Close Relationships and Self-Concept
- Self-other overlap: The degree to which one incorporates another's traits into their self-concept; greater overlap indicates a closer relationship.
- Romantic satisfaction positively impacts perceptions of partner closeness.
- Relationships with pets, viewed as family members, improve well-being by anthropomorphism (ascribing human characteristics).
- Jealousy of a romantic rival can lead to altering one's own self-perception to match the perceived values of the partner and rival.
- Self-concept clarity: The clarity and definiteness of one's self-concept. A loss of self-concept clarity is often linked to sadness after relationship breakups.
Parasocial Relationships (PSRs)
- PSRs, one-sided relationships with media figures (celebrities, characters), can be social surrogates.
- People feeling lonely may spend more time with favorite media figures to cope.
- PSRs can influence self-concept, potentially impacting body image and even political attitudes. Watching a celebrity (e.g., Donald Trump) can impact political attitudes and voting tendencies.
Nostalgia
- Nostalgia is an ambivalent emotion characterized by pleasant memories of the past, often socially significant.
- Nostalgia serves social, existential, and self-related functions, including enhancing social connection, providing a sense of meaning, and strengthening self-knowledge.
- Nostalgia can counteract loneliness and social anxiety, effectively enhancing interpersonal competence and well-being. Nostalgia can influence consumer behavior by increasing purchase intentions.
Culture and the Self
- Individualism-Collectivism (IC): Cultures differ in their prioritization of individual versus group needs.
- Self-construal: The way people perceive their self in relation to others.
- Independent self-construal: Autonomy, uniqueness, emphasizing self.
- Interdependent self-construal: Connection to others, emphasis on social harmony.
- Analytic vs. Holistic Thinking: Analytic thinking focuses on object properties, holistic on relationships between objects. Dialectical thinking (embracing contradictions) is more prevalent in some Eastern cultures.
- Cultural differences influence responses to ostracism, attitudes, and decision-making. For example, people use emojis more in face-threatening scenarios in interdependent cultures.
- Cultural differences in dissonance- experiencing dissonance only when social standing is implicated.
- Cultural Model of Attitudes: Person-centric vs. normative-contextual models. (Western more person-centric vs Eastern more normative-contextual). Attitudes do not always correspond to behavior in collectivistic cultures.
Cultural Differences in Advertising
- Cultural differences influence advertising effectiveness. Individualistic cultures respond better to advertisements emphasizing individuals, and collectivistic value-based ads result in greater purchase intentions.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the significant impact of belonging threats with this quiz. Delve into types such as rejection, ostracism, and loneliness, and understand the stages of response including reflexive, reflective, and resignation. Assess your knowledge on experimental manipulations like Cyberball and the 'forever alone' paradigm.
