Thorax and Lung Anatomy

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Questions and Answers

What anatomical structure corresponds to the cardiac notch in the right lung?

  • The mediastinal septum
  • The inferior border of the costal surface
  • The lingula (correct)
  • The oblique fissure

Which surfaces comprise the medial surface of the lung?

  • Visceral and parietal surfaces
  • Superior and inferior surfaces
  • Posterior vertebral part and anterior mediastinal part (correct)
  • Costal and diaphragmatic surfaces

How does the presence of the oblique fissure affect lung expansion?

  • It allows for uniform expansion of the whole lung (correct)
  • It separates the lung into smaller lobes
  • It facilitates greater expansion in the superior direction
  • It restricts the movement of the diaphragm

What separates the base from the costal and medial surfaces of the lung?

<p>The inferior border (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first point used to draw the oblique fissure marking?

<p>2 cm lateral to the third thoracic spine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily supports the structure of the alveoli?

<p>Elastic fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pneumocyte is primarily responsible for secreting surfactant?

<p>Type II pneumocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the interalveolar septum?

<p>Contains non-fenestrated endothelial cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario might an infection of a bronchopulmonary segment spread to others?

<p>With tuberculosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What procedure allows visualization of the bronchi?

<p>Bronchoscopy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is absent in the interaction that governs the branching of the tracheal lamina propria?

<p>Glands (B), Cartilage plates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells mainly line the alveoli?

<p>Squamous cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding bronchial anatomy knowledge?

<p>It helps in visualizing the interior via bronchoscopy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many lobes is the right lung divided into?

<p>Three lobes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure separates the middle lobe from the upper lobe in the right lung?

<p>Horizontal fissure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the oblique fissure of the left lung cross the posterior border?

<p>About 6 cm below the apex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the orientation of the oblique fissure in the left lung?

<p>Obliquely downwards and forwards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the fissures of the lungs?

<p>The left lung has a horizontal fissure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the medial margin of the heads of the ribs in relation to the posterior border of the lungs?

<p>It is thick and ill-defined. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature is associated with the right lung?

<p>A prominent horizontal fissure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the left lung compare to the right lung in terms of lobe structure?

<p>It has fewer lobes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which stage does the respiratory diverticulum develop?

<p>Third week of intrauterine life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pulmonary surfactant?

<p>Reduce surface tension in the alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which transcription factor is crucial for lung formation?

<p>TBX4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows the exchange of gases in the alveoli?

<p>Alveolocapillary membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the lungs matures faster than others?

<p>Cranial segments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following signals induces the outgrowth of the tracheal bud?

<p>Fibroblast growth factor 10 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do alveolar epithelial cells begin secreting substances to lower surface tension?

<p>28-32 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the formation of the lung bud during development?

<p>Endodermal signals at the respiratory diverticulum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the respiratory system develops from the endoderm of the foregut?

<p>Epithelium of larynx, trachea, bronchi and alveoli (B), Glands of respiratory tract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a congenital anomaly of the respiratory system?

<p>Laryngeal webbing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which arch cartilage do the thyroid and cricoid cartilages of the larynx develop?

<p>VI arch cartilage (A), IV arch cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a deficiency of pulmonary surfactant?

<p>Hyaline membrane disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure develops from the dorsal part of the hypobranchial eminence?

<p>Epiglottis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes tracheo-oesophageal fistula?

<p>Mechanical factors influencing the foregut (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What develops from the splanchnic mesoderm?

<p>Muscles, cartilages and connective tissue of trachea and bronchi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the larynx does NOT develop from branchial mesoderm?

<p>Glands of respiratory tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Thorax

  • The trachea is supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings.
  • Trachea divides into two primary bronchi.
  • The right primary bronchus is wider and shorter than the left.
  • The right lung is divided into upper, middle, and lower lobes.
  • The left lung is divided into upper and lower lobes.

Lungs

  • The lungs are cone-shaped organs that occupy the pleural cavities.
  • The lung's apex extends above the first rib.
  • The base of the lung rests on the diaphragm.
  • Hilum of lung is where bronchus, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit.
  • The main support of the alveoli is provided by elastic fibers.
  • Type I pneumocytes are squamous cells.
  • Type II pneumocytes are larger cells, and secrete surfactant.
  • The interalveolar septum contains capillaries lined by endothelial cells.

Intrapulmonary Bronchus

  • The intrapulmonary bronchus branches into smaller bronchi.
  • The branching of tracheal lamina propria contains elastic and smooth muscle fibers.
  • Glands and cartilage plates are absent.

Clinical Anatomy

  • Infection of a bronchopulmonary segment usually remains restricted to it.
  • Tuberculosis and bronchogenic carcinoma can spread from one segment to another.
  • Knowledge of the detailed anatomy of the bronchial tree helps in segmental resection.
  • Visualizing the interior of the bronchi is achievable through bronchoscopy.

Developmental Anatomy

  • The respiratory system develops from the foregut during the fourth week of intrauterine life.
  • The epithelial lining of the alveoli becomes an extremely thin squamous layer.
  • The alveolocapillary membrane allows for gas exchange.
  • The four stages of lung development overlap each other, with the cranial segments developing faster than the caudal ones.
  • Pulmonary surfactant, secreted by alveolar epithelial cells, lowers surface tension at the air-alveolar interface.

Molecular Regulation

  • Transcription factor TBX4 expressed in the endoderm of the gut tube induces the formation of the lung bud.
  • Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) and other signals from splanchnic mesenchyme induce the outgrowth of the tracheal bud.

Congenital Anomalies

  • Tracheo-oesophageal fistula is a communication between the trachea and esophagus.
  • Tracheal stenosis is a narrowing of the trachea.
  • Azygos lobe of lung around vena azygos may be due to an additional respiratory bud.
  • Hyaline membrane disease or distress syndrome is caused by deficiency of pulmonary surfactant.
  • Agenesis of lung is a complete absence of a lung.

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