Thorax Anatomy Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which section of the lungs is referred to as the 'Lateral basal'?

  • Section 8
  • Section 4
  • Section 3
  • Section 9 (correct)

The left lung has an anterior segment that is contained within the lower lobe.

True (A)

What is the primary function of the pleura surrounding the lungs?

To reduce friction during breathing movements.

The _____ provides the main passageway for air to reach the lungs.

<p>trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following lung sections to their correct description:

<p>1 = Apical 7 = Medial basal (cardiac on left) 10 = Posterior basal 5 = Lateral and medial middle lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lung has a medial basal segment referred to as 'cardiac'?

<p>Left lung (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The right lung has three lobes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two lobes found in the left lung.

<p>Upper lobe and lower lobe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The upper lobe of the left lung contains the _____ segment.

<p>apical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following segments are found in the middle lobe of the right lung?

<p>Anterior and lateral (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section covers the osteology of the upper limb?

<p>Section 27 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The arteries of the lower limb are covered in section 42.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of section 28?

<p>Arteries of the upper limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ covers the nerves of the lower limb I.

<p>section 44</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following lower limb sections with their topics:

<p>Section 41 = Osteology of the lower limb Section 49 = The leg Section 50 = The ankle and foot I Section 48 = The knee joint and popliteal fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many sections relate to the nerves of the upper limb?

<p>Two (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The surface anatomy of the upper limb is addressed in section 52.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is discussed in section 36?

<p>The elbow joint and cubital fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Section 45 discusses the __________ of the lower limb II.

<p>nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section contains information about the hip joint and gluteal region?

<p>Section 46 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the thymus after puberty?

<p>It is gradually replaced by fat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mediastinum is a region containing the heart and vessels of the thorax.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one branch of the thyrocervical trunk.

<p>Inferior thyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ duct carries lymph from the right upper limb.

<p>right lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vessels with their primary function:

<p>Azygos = Drains blood from the thorax into the superior vena cava Internal thoracic = Supplies the anterior thoracic wall Brachiocephalic = Branches into right common carotid and right subclavian arteries Superior vena cava = Returns deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the mediastinum's contents is correct?

<p>It includes both vessels and the thymus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thoracic aorta exclusively supplies the regions of the lower limb.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one function of the subclavian artery.

<p>Supplying the upper limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ openings in the diaphragm are crucial for the passage of major vessels.

<p>aortic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel is NOT a major vessel in the thorax?

<p>Inferior laryngeal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Thoracic Wall

The structures that form the chest cavity wall.

Mediastinum

The central region of the thorax containing the heart, major blood vessels, and esophagus.

Pleura and Airways

Membrane surrounding the lungs and airways passing through the chest.

Lungs

The organs responsible for gas exchange.

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Heart

The muscular pump that circulates blood.

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Abdominal Wall

The structures composing the front and sides of the abdominal cavity.

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Peritoneum

The membrane lining the abdominal cavity.

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Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

Structures involved in the first part of digestion.

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Pelvis

The lower part of the trunk, below the abdomen.

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Upper Limb

The structures of the arm, forearm, and hand, including their bones, nerves, and blood vessels

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Lung Lobes

The lungs are divided into sections called lobes, with three in the right lung and two in the left lung, each with further subdivisions.

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Bronchopulmonary Segments

The lung is further divided into segments, each supplied by its own bronchus and blood vessels.

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Lung Apical Segment

The topmost segment of each lung lobe.

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Posterior Segment

The rear segments of the lung lobes.

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Anterior Segment

The front segments of lung lobes.

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Lateral Segment

The segment on the side of the lung lobes.

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Medial Segment

The segment on the inner side of the lung lobes.

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Segmental Bronchi

Air passages supplying the individual lung segments.

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Lung Hilum

The area where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lung.

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Trachea

A tube that carries air to the lungs.

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Thymus replacement after puberty

After puberty, the thymus gland is gradually replaced by fat tissue.

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Thoracic Aorta Branches

The thoracic aorta gives rise to several branches that supply blood to different parts of the thorax and upper body.

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Superior Vena Cava

A large vein that collects blood from the upper body and empties into the right atrium of the heart.

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Internal Thoracic Vessels/Mammary Vessels

Arteries that branch off from the subclavian artery and supply blood to the anterior chest wall and breast.

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Aortic Opening

Part of the diaphragm where the aorta passes through to the abdomen.

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Thoracic Lymph Drainage

Part of the body lymphatic system responsible for draining lymph from the thoracic region.

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Brachiocephalic Veins

Large veins that merge together to form the superior vena cava.

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Subclavian Arteries

Arteries supplying blood towards the upper limbs.

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Posterior Intercostals

Arteries supply blood to the muscles (intercostal) between the ribs

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Study Notes

Thorax Anatomy

  • Thoracic Wall: Sections 1 and 2 cover the thoracic wall.
  • Mediastinum: Sections 3 and 4 describe the mediastinum, including its contents and vessels.
  • Pleura and Airways: Section 5 discusses the pleura and airways.
  • Lungs: Section 6 details the lungs, including the left and right lungs (Fig. 6.1). It also shows bronchial and pulmonary segments, with their standard numbering. Figures 6.1 and 6.2 depict the lungs, trachea, aorta, and related structures. Pulmonary segments and bronchopulmonary segments are labeled.
  • Heart: Sections 7 and 8 detail the heart.
  • Thoracic Nerves: Section 9 describes the nerves of the thorax.
  • Surface Anatomy of Thorax: Section 10 covers surface anatomy of the thorax.

Mediastinum Contents and Vessels

  • Mediastinum (contents): Section 3 discusses the contents of the mediastinum.
  • Mediastinum (Vessels): Section 4 describes the vessels of the thorax, including arterial and venous branches. Figures 4.1 and 4.2 illustrate the major blood vessels.
    • Thoracic Aorta Branches: These supply the breast and are depicted in Figure 4.1.
    • Veins: Principal veins of the thorax are shown in Figure 4.2, including the superior vena cava, azygos, hemiazygos, and others.
    • Other Structures: The figure also shows the thoracic duct, vagus nerve and phrenic nerve near the aorta.

Lung Anatomy

  • Lung Lobes and Segments: The left and right lungs are composed of upper, middle, and lower lobes, and further segmented into bronchopulmonary segments (Fig 6.1).

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