Thoracic Nerves Quiz

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Which part of the nervous system is under the control of the hypothalamus?

Enteric Nervous System

Central Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System (correct)

Peripheral Nervous System

Which two components of the peripheral nervous system functionally complement each other to keep the body functioning normally?

Parasympathetic and sympathetic (correct)

Somatic sensory and somatic motor

Visceral sensory and somatic sensory

Somatic motor and visceral motor

What is the main difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

Their control by the hypothalamus

Their effects on the body

Their innervation of organs (correct)

Their anatomical location

Which division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' situations?

Sympathetic Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of the thoracic viscera?

Vagus Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and sensory to the laryngeal cavity below the level of the vocal folds?

Recurrent laryngeal nerve Signup and view all the answers

Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system located?

In the intermediolateral horn of T1-L2 spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system?

Regulating skeletal muscle movement Signup and view all the answers

Where are the cell bodies of the postganglionic neurons located in the autonomic nervous system?

In the autonomic ganglia Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'rest and digest' functions?

Parasympathetic division Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and sensory to the laryngeal cavity below the level of the vocal folds?

Vagus nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which side of the vagus nerve enters the thoracic cavity posterior to the left Brachiocephalic vein?

Left side Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system increases heart rate and strength of heart beat?

Sympathetic division Signup and view all the answers

Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system located?

In the intermediolateral horn of T1-L2 spinal cord segments Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Their neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system regulates the visceral activity and maintains a stable internal environment?

Central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

How many paravertebral sympathetic ganglia are there in the sympathetic trunk?

Multiple Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Sympathetic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

Where are the postganglionic neural connections of the sympathetic trunks located?

In the thorax Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for supplying the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and sensory to the laryngeal cavity below the level of the vocal folds?

Recurrent laryngeal nerve Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs of Horner’s syndrome?

Dilated pupils and drooping eyelid Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is under the control of the hypothalamus?

Central Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic system located?

In the brain Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system exerts opposite effects to the sympathetic system?

Parasympathetic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is the course and distribution of the vagus nerves?

They innervate the abdominal viscera Signup and view all the answers

What is the position and extent of the sympathetic trunks and ganglia?

They are located in the thorax Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the sympathetic trunks and their branches?

They control the 'fight or flight' response Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is not included in the Vaughan Williams classification?

Class II Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a block that is more pronounced at higher heart rates?

Use-dependent block Signup and view all the answers

Which group of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is primarily used for their negative inotropic effect?

Class II Signup and view all the answers

Which group of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is primarily used for their potassium channel blocking effect?

Class III Signup and view all the answers

Which group of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is primarily used for their calcium channel blocking effect?

Class IV Signup and view all the answers

Which group of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is classified as unclassified on the Vaughan Williams classification?

Class I Signup and view all the answers

Which ion current is responsible for the spontaneous electrical discharge of the sinoatrial node (SAN)?

Ca2+ influx Signup and view all the answers

Dysrhythmias can be caused by changes in which of the following?

Heart cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dysrhythmia originates from the atria?

Supraventricular Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antidysrhythmic drugs prolongs the cardiac action potential by prolonging the refractory period?

Class 3 Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs block the b-1 receptors and slow the heart rate?

Class 2 Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is effective in treating tachycardia associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?

Class 3 Signup and view all the answers

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is used to prevent recurrence of supraventricular tachycardias?

Class IV Signup and view all the answers

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs has more effect on smooth muscle calcium channels and less bradycardia?

Class IV Signup and view all the answers

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is used to terminate supraventricular tachycardias?

Unclassified Signup and view all the answers

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is derived from the foxglove plant?

Unclassified Signup and view all the answers

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is known for its parasympathomimetic action and reduces sinoatrial firing rate?

Unclassified Signup and view all the answers

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is known for its use-dependent block?

Class I Signup and view all the answers

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is used to reduce the ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation?

Class IV Signup and view all the answers

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs blocks cardiac voltage-gated L-type calcium channels?

Class IV Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible cause of sudden ischaemia resulting in cardiac infarction?

Coronary spasms Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical distribution of pain in angina pectoris?

Left side of chest and left arm Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of angina pectoris?

Atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of angina pectoris pain?

Sharp and stabbing Signup and view all the answers

What can cause reduction in diastolic arterial pressure leading to angina?

Mitral or aortic valve incompetence Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cellular calcium overload resulting from ischaemia?

Cell death and dysrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is associated with a thrombus around a ruptured atheromatous plaque but without complete occlusion of the vessel?

Unstable Angina Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a treatment to reduce chest pain symptoms in angina?

Ranolazine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a vasodilator that works by being metabolized to nitric oxide (NO) and relaxes smooth muscle, particularly vascular smooth muscle?

Organic nitrates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common unwanted effect of organic nitrates?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is important in the prophylaxis and treatment of stable and unstable angina, and reduces cardiac oxygen consumption by slowing the heart?

Beta-blockers Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs prevents opening of voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels, mainly affecting the heart and smooth muscle to inhibit calcium entry upon muscle cell depolarization?

Calcium channel blockers Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is mainly used to treat variant angina?

Calcium channel blockers Signup and view all the answers

Which calcium channel blocker is contraindicated in heart failure?

Verapamil Signup and view all the answers

Which potassium channel activator causes hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle?

Nicorandil Signup and view all the answers

Which calcium channel blocker is mainly used for its negative inotropic effect?

Verapamil Signup and view all the answers

Which drug inhibits heart rate by inhibiting funny 'f'-type channels in the heart?

Ivabradine Signup and view all the answers

Which potassium channel activator is used as a last resort for angina treatment?

Ranolazine Signup and view all the answers

Which calcium channel blocker is safe to use in patients with heart failure?

Amlodipine Signup and view all the answers

Which calcium channel blocker is mainly used for its vasodilator effect on resistance vessels?

Lercanidipine Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is commonly used to treat hypertension?

ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is used to monitor blood pressure over a 24-hour period?

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?

Persistent dry cough Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is known for causing ankle edema as a side effect?

Calcium channel blockers Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs should be avoided in patients with bilateral artery stenosis?

Thiazide diuretics Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is contraindicated in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment?

K+ sparing diuretics Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is associated with a risk of hyperkalemia?

K+ sparing diuretics Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is primarily used for their negative inotropic effect?

b1-adrenoceptor antagonists Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is commonly used to treat resistant hypertension?

ACE inhibitors and ARBs Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is commonly used to treat hypertension in patients with heart failure?

ACE inhibitors and ARBs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential space in the neck?

Alar fascia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a boundary of the posterior triangle of the neck?

Posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a bony landmark of the neck?

Transverse process of C1 Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is covered by the right sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles?

Brachiocephalic trunk Signup and view all the answers

Which artery passes rib 1 on its way to the upper limb?

Subclavian artery Signup and view all the answers

Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate?

At the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a learning outcome of the lecture on surface anatomy of the neck?

Describe the form and position of the common and internal carotid arteries and the internal jugular vein Signup and view all the answers

Which textbook provides information on the surface anatomy of the neck?

Which of the following is NOT a topic covered in the lecture on surface anatomy of the neck?

Development of heart and great arteries Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a boundary of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Posterior midline of the neck Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a structure discussed in relation to the external carotid artery?

Internal jugular vein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a structure discussed in relation to the internal jugular vein?

Anterior jugular vein Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the Carotid Sinus?

Glossopharyngeal nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which structure reacts to changes in arterial blood pressure?

Carotid Sinus Signup and view all the answers

What does the Carotid Body monitor?

Partial pressure of CO2 Signup and view all the answers

What artery is covered by the carotid sheath?

Common Carotid Artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Internal Jugular Vein?

Drains intracranial structures Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial position of the Internal Jugular Vein relative to the internal carotid artery?

Posterior Signup and view all the answers

What structures are in close relationship with the Internal Jugular Vein?

Vagus nerve and Phrenic nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common site for central venous access/catheterization?

Internal Jugular Vein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease compared to the general population?

Familial hyperlipidaemias Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases causes systemic blood pressure to the normally low pressure pulmonary system?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease in people with the disease?

Rheumatoid arthritis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease in people with Osteoarthrosis?

Rheumatoid arthritis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT mentioned as a cause of chronic pulmonary hypertension?

Sarcoidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT mentioned as a cause of vascular damage and acceleration of known mechanisms?

Amyloidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is associated with endocrine disease and cardiovascular problems?

Thyroid disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is mentioned as a cause of systemic conditions affecting the cardiovascular system?

Sarcoidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is associated with exposure to under-nutrition during postnatal periods of development?

Nutrition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT mentioned as a cause of cardiovascular consequences of famine in the young?

Amyloidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following systemic conditions is NOT known to affect the cardiovascular system?

Rheumatoid arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the dominant cause of mortality in diabetic patients?

Cardiovascular complications Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT associated with diabetes-associated metabolic disorders?

Hypoalphalipoproteinemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of angina pectoris?

Vascular damage Signup and view all the answers

Is hypertension a cause, effect, or a combination of cardiovascular damage?

Combination Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a systemic condition mentioned in relation to cardiovascular effects?

Sarcoidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT associated with oxidative stress in diabetic patients?

Hypoalphalipoproteinemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a systemic condition affecting the cardiovascular system?

Cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of thrombosis mentioned in the text?

Diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic cardiovascular disorders?

Hypertriglyceridemia Signup and view all the answers

Thoracic Nerves Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which part of the nervous system is under the control of the hypothalamus?

Which two components of the peripheral nervous system functionally complement each other to keep the body functioning normally?

What is the main difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

Which division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' situations?

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of the thoracic viscera?

Which nerve supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and sensory to the laryngeal cavity below the level of the vocal folds?

Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system located?

Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system?

Where are the cell bodies of the postganglionic neurons located in the autonomic nervous system?

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'rest and digest' functions?

Which nerve supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and sensory to the laryngeal cavity below the level of the vocal folds?

Which side of the vagus nerve enters the thoracic cavity posterior to the left Brachiocephalic vein?

Which division of the autonomic nervous system increases heart rate and strength of heart beat?

Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system located?

What is the main difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Which part of the nervous system regulates the visceral activity and maintains a stable internal environment?

How many paravertebral sympathetic ganglia are there in the sympathetic trunk?

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Where are the postganglionic neural connections of the sympathetic trunks located?

Which nerve is responsible for supplying the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and sensory to the laryngeal cavity below the level of the vocal folds?

What are the signs of Horner’s syndrome?

Which part of the nervous system is under the control of the hypothalamus?

Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic system located?

Which division of the autonomic nervous system exerts opposite effects to the sympathetic system?

What is the course and distribution of the vagus nerves?

What is the position and extent of the sympathetic trunks and ganglia?

What are the functions of the sympathetic trunks and their branches?

Which classification of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is not included in the Vaughan Williams classification?

What is the term used to describe a block that is more pronounced at higher heart rates?

Which group of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is primarily used for their negative inotropic effect?

Which group of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is primarily used for their potassium channel blocking effect?

Which group of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is primarily used for their calcium channel blocking effect?

Which group of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is classified as unclassified on the Vaughan Williams classification?

Which ion current is responsible for the spontaneous electrical discharge of the sinoatrial node (SAN)?

Dysrhythmias can be caused by changes in which of the following?

Which type of dysrhythmia originates from the atria?

Which class of antidysrhythmic drugs prolongs the cardiac action potential by prolonging the refractory period?

Which class of drugs block the b-1 receptors and slow the heart rate?

Which class of drugs is effective in treating tachycardia associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is used to prevent recurrence of supraventricular tachycardias?

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs has more effect on smooth muscle calcium channels and less bradycardia?

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is used to terminate supraventricular tachycardias?

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is derived from the foxglove plant?

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is known for its parasympathomimetic action and reduces sinoatrial firing rate?

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is known for its use-dependent block?

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is used to reduce the ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation?

Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs blocks cardiac voltage-gated L-type calcium channels?

Which of the following is a possible cause of sudden ischaemia resulting in cardiac infarction?

What is the typical distribution of pain in angina pectoris?

What is the main cause of angina pectoris?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of angina pectoris pain?

What can cause reduction in diastolic arterial pressure leading to angina?

What is the effect of cellular calcium overload resulting from ischaemia?

Which type of angina is associated with a thrombus around a ruptured atheromatous plaque but without complete occlusion of the vessel?

Which of the following is NOT a treatment to reduce chest pain symptoms in angina?

Which of the following is a vasodilator that works by being metabolized to nitric oxide (NO) and relaxes smooth muscle, particularly vascular smooth muscle?

Which of the following is a common unwanted effect of organic nitrates?

Which class of drugs is important in the prophylaxis and treatment of stable and unstable angina, and reduces cardiac oxygen consumption by slowing the heart?

Which class of drugs prevents opening of voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels, mainly affecting the heart and smooth muscle to inhibit calcium entry upon muscle cell depolarization?

Which class of drugs is mainly used to treat variant angina?

Which calcium channel blocker is contraindicated in heart failure?

Which potassium channel activator causes hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle?

Which calcium channel blocker is mainly used for its negative inotropic effect?

Which drug inhibits heart rate by inhibiting funny 'f'-type channels in the heart?

Which potassium channel activator is used as a last resort for angina treatment?

Which calcium channel blocker is safe to use in patients with heart failure?

Which calcium channel blocker is mainly used for its vasodilator effect on resistance vessels?

Which class of drugs is commonly used to treat hypertension?

Which diagnostic method is used to monitor blood pressure over a 24-hour period?

What is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?

Which class of drugs is known for causing ankle edema as a side effect?

Which class of drugs should be avoided in patients with bilateral artery stenosis?

Which class of drugs is contraindicated in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment?

Which class of drugs is associated with a risk of hyperkalemia?

Which class of drugs is primarily used for their negative inotropic effect?

Which class of drugs is commonly used to treat resistant hypertension?

Which class of drugs is commonly used to treat hypertension in patients with heart failure?