Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which part of the nervous system is under the control of the hypothalamus?
Which part of the nervous system is under the control of the hypothalamus?
Which two components of the peripheral nervous system functionally complement each other to keep the body functioning normally?
Which two components of the peripheral nervous system functionally complement each other to keep the body functioning normally?
What is the main difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
What is the main difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' situations?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' situations?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of the thoracic viscera?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of the thoracic viscera?
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Which nerve supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and sensory to the laryngeal cavity below the level of the vocal folds?
Which nerve supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and sensory to the laryngeal cavity below the level of the vocal folds?
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Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system located?
Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system located?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system?
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Where are the cell bodies of the postganglionic neurons located in the autonomic nervous system?
Where are the cell bodies of the postganglionic neurons located in the autonomic nervous system?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'rest and digest' functions?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'rest and digest' functions?
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Which nerve supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and sensory to the laryngeal cavity below the level of the vocal folds?
Which nerve supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and sensory to the laryngeal cavity below the level of the vocal folds?
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Which side of the vagus nerve enters the thoracic cavity posterior to the left Brachiocephalic vein?
Which side of the vagus nerve enters the thoracic cavity posterior to the left Brachiocephalic vein?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system increases heart rate and strength of heart beat?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system increases heart rate and strength of heart beat?
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Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system located?
Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system located?
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What is the main difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
What is the main difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
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Which part of the nervous system regulates the visceral activity and maintains a stable internal environment?
Which part of the nervous system regulates the visceral activity and maintains a stable internal environment?
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How many paravertebral sympathetic ganglia are there in the sympathetic trunk?
How many paravertebral sympathetic ganglia are there in the sympathetic trunk?
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Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
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Where are the postganglionic neural connections of the sympathetic trunks located?
Where are the postganglionic neural connections of the sympathetic trunks located?
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Which nerve is responsible for supplying the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and sensory to the laryngeal cavity below the level of the vocal folds?
Which nerve is responsible for supplying the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and sensory to the laryngeal cavity below the level of the vocal folds?
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What are the signs of Horner’s syndrome?
What are the signs of Horner’s syndrome?
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Which part of the nervous system is under the control of the hypothalamus?
Which part of the nervous system is under the control of the hypothalamus?
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Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic system located?
Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic system located?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system exerts opposite effects to the sympathetic system?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system exerts opposite effects to the sympathetic system?
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What is the course and distribution of the vagus nerves?
What is the course and distribution of the vagus nerves?
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What is the position and extent of the sympathetic trunks and ganglia?
What is the position and extent of the sympathetic trunks and ganglia?
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What are the functions of the sympathetic trunks and their branches?
What are the functions of the sympathetic trunks and their branches?
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Which classification of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is not included in the Vaughan Williams classification?
Which classification of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is not included in the Vaughan Williams classification?
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What is the term used to describe a block that is more pronounced at higher heart rates?
What is the term used to describe a block that is more pronounced at higher heart rates?
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Which group of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is primarily used for their negative inotropic effect?
Which group of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is primarily used for their negative inotropic effect?
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Which group of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is primarily used for their potassium channel blocking effect?
Which group of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is primarily used for their potassium channel blocking effect?
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Which group of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is primarily used for their calcium channel blocking effect?
Which group of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is primarily used for their calcium channel blocking effect?
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Which group of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is classified as unclassified on the Vaughan Williams classification?
Which group of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is classified as unclassified on the Vaughan Williams classification?
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Which ion current is responsible for the spontaneous electrical discharge of the sinoatrial node (SAN)?
Which ion current is responsible for the spontaneous electrical discharge of the sinoatrial node (SAN)?
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Dysrhythmias can be caused by changes in which of the following?
Dysrhythmias can be caused by changes in which of the following?
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Which type of dysrhythmia originates from the atria?
Which type of dysrhythmia originates from the atria?
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Which class of antidysrhythmic drugs prolongs the cardiac action potential by prolonging the refractory period?
Which class of antidysrhythmic drugs prolongs the cardiac action potential by prolonging the refractory period?
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Which class of drugs block the b-1 receptors and slow the heart rate?
Which class of drugs block the b-1 receptors and slow the heart rate?
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Which class of drugs is effective in treating tachycardia associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?
Which class of drugs is effective in treating tachycardia associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?
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Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is used to prevent recurrence of supraventricular tachycardias?
Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is used to prevent recurrence of supraventricular tachycardias?
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Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs has more effect on smooth muscle calcium channels and less bradycardia?
Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs has more effect on smooth muscle calcium channels and less bradycardia?
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Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is used to terminate supraventricular tachycardias?
Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is used to terminate supraventricular tachycardias?
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Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is derived from the foxglove plant?
Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is derived from the foxglove plant?
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Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is known for its parasympathomimetic action and reduces sinoatrial firing rate?
Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is known for its parasympathomimetic action and reduces sinoatrial firing rate?
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Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is known for its use-dependent block?
Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is known for its use-dependent block?
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Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is used to reduce the ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation?
Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is used to reduce the ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation?
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Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs blocks cardiac voltage-gated L-type calcium channels?
Which class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs blocks cardiac voltage-gated L-type calcium channels?
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Which of the following is a possible cause of sudden ischaemia resulting in cardiac infarction?
Which of the following is a possible cause of sudden ischaemia resulting in cardiac infarction?
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What is the typical distribution of pain in angina pectoris?
What is the typical distribution of pain in angina pectoris?
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What is the main cause of angina pectoris?
What is the main cause of angina pectoris?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of angina pectoris pain?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of angina pectoris pain?
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What can cause reduction in diastolic arterial pressure leading to angina?
What can cause reduction in diastolic arterial pressure leading to angina?
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What is the effect of cellular calcium overload resulting from ischaemia?
What is the effect of cellular calcium overload resulting from ischaemia?
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Which type of angina is associated with a thrombus around a ruptured atheromatous plaque but without complete occlusion of the vessel?
Which type of angina is associated with a thrombus around a ruptured atheromatous plaque but without complete occlusion of the vessel?
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Which of the following is NOT a treatment to reduce chest pain symptoms in angina?
Which of the following is NOT a treatment to reduce chest pain symptoms in angina?
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Which of the following is a vasodilator that works by being metabolized to nitric oxide (NO) and relaxes smooth muscle, particularly vascular smooth muscle?
Which of the following is a vasodilator that works by being metabolized to nitric oxide (NO) and relaxes smooth muscle, particularly vascular smooth muscle?
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Which of the following is a common unwanted effect of organic nitrates?
Which of the following is a common unwanted effect of organic nitrates?
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Which class of drugs is important in the prophylaxis and treatment of stable and unstable angina, and reduces cardiac oxygen consumption by slowing the heart?
Which class of drugs is important in the prophylaxis and treatment of stable and unstable angina, and reduces cardiac oxygen consumption by slowing the heart?
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Which class of drugs prevents opening of voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels, mainly affecting the heart and smooth muscle to inhibit calcium entry upon muscle cell depolarization?
Which class of drugs prevents opening of voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels, mainly affecting the heart and smooth muscle to inhibit calcium entry upon muscle cell depolarization?
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Which class of drugs is mainly used to treat variant angina?
Which class of drugs is mainly used to treat variant angina?
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Which calcium channel blocker is contraindicated in heart failure?
Which calcium channel blocker is contraindicated in heart failure?
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Which potassium channel activator causes hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle?
Which potassium channel activator causes hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle?
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Which calcium channel blocker is mainly used for its negative inotropic effect?
Which calcium channel blocker is mainly used for its negative inotropic effect?
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Which drug inhibits heart rate by inhibiting funny 'f'-type channels in the heart?
Which drug inhibits heart rate by inhibiting funny 'f'-type channels in the heart?
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Which potassium channel activator is used as a last resort for angina treatment?
Which potassium channel activator is used as a last resort for angina treatment?
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Which calcium channel blocker is safe to use in patients with heart failure?
Which calcium channel blocker is safe to use in patients with heart failure?
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Which calcium channel blocker is mainly used for its vasodilator effect on resistance vessels?
Which calcium channel blocker is mainly used for its vasodilator effect on resistance vessels?
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Which class of drugs is commonly used to treat hypertension?
Which class of drugs is commonly used to treat hypertension?
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Which diagnostic method is used to monitor blood pressure over a 24-hour period?
Which diagnostic method is used to monitor blood pressure over a 24-hour period?
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What is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?
What is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?
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Which class of drugs is known for causing ankle edema as a side effect?
Which class of drugs is known for causing ankle edema as a side effect?
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Which class of drugs should be avoided in patients with bilateral artery stenosis?
Which class of drugs should be avoided in patients with bilateral artery stenosis?
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Which class of drugs is contraindicated in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment?
Which class of drugs is contraindicated in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment?
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Which class of drugs is associated with a risk of hyperkalemia?
Which class of drugs is associated with a risk of hyperkalemia?
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Which class of drugs is primarily used for their negative inotropic effect?
Which class of drugs is primarily used for their negative inotropic effect?
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Which class of drugs is commonly used to treat resistant hypertension?
Which class of drugs is commonly used to treat resistant hypertension?
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Which class of drugs is commonly used to treat hypertension in patients with heart failure?
Which class of drugs is commonly used to treat hypertension in patients with heart failure?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential space in the neck?
Which of the following is NOT a potential space in the neck?
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Which of the following is a boundary of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Which of the following is a boundary of the posterior triangle of the neck?
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Which of the following is a bony landmark of the neck?
Which of the following is a bony landmark of the neck?
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Which artery is covered by the right sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles?
Which artery is covered by the right sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles?
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Which artery passes rib 1 on its way to the upper limb?
Which artery passes rib 1 on its way to the upper limb?
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Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate?
Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate?
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Which of the following is NOT a learning outcome of the lecture on surface anatomy of the neck?
Which of the following is NOT a learning outcome of the lecture on surface anatomy of the neck?
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Which textbook provides information on the surface anatomy of the neck?
Which textbook provides information on the surface anatomy of the neck?
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Which of the following is NOT a topic covered in the lecture on surface anatomy of the neck?
Which of the following is NOT a topic covered in the lecture on surface anatomy of the neck?
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Which of the following is NOT a boundary of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Which of the following is NOT a boundary of the anterior triangle of the neck?
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Which of the following is NOT a structure discussed in relation to the external carotid artery?
Which of the following is NOT a structure discussed in relation to the external carotid artery?
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Which of the following is NOT a structure discussed in relation to the internal jugular vein?
Which of the following is NOT a structure discussed in relation to the internal jugular vein?
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Which nerve innervates the Carotid Sinus?
Which nerve innervates the Carotid Sinus?
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Which structure reacts to changes in arterial blood pressure?
Which structure reacts to changes in arterial blood pressure?
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What does the Carotid Body monitor?
What does the Carotid Body monitor?
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What artery is covered by the carotid sheath?
What artery is covered by the carotid sheath?
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What is the main function of the Internal Jugular Vein?
What is the main function of the Internal Jugular Vein?
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What is the initial position of the Internal Jugular Vein relative to the internal carotid artery?
What is the initial position of the Internal Jugular Vein relative to the internal carotid artery?
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What structures are in close relationship with the Internal Jugular Vein?
What structures are in close relationship with the Internal Jugular Vein?
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What is the most common site for central venous access/catheterization?
What is the most common site for central venous access/catheterization?
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Which of the following diseases is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease compared to the general population?
Which of the following diseases is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease compared to the general population?
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Which of the following diseases causes systemic blood pressure to the normally low pressure pulmonary system?
Which of the following diseases causes systemic blood pressure to the normally low pressure pulmonary system?
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Which of the following diseases is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease in people with the disease?
Which of the following diseases is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease in people with the disease?
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Which of the following diseases is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease in people with Osteoarthrosis?
Which of the following diseases is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease in people with Osteoarthrosis?
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Which of the following diseases is NOT mentioned as a cause of chronic pulmonary hypertension?
Which of the following diseases is NOT mentioned as a cause of chronic pulmonary hypertension?
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Which of the following diseases is NOT mentioned as a cause of vascular damage and acceleration of known mechanisms?
Which of the following diseases is NOT mentioned as a cause of vascular damage and acceleration of known mechanisms?
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Which of the following diseases is associated with endocrine disease and cardiovascular problems?
Which of the following diseases is associated with endocrine disease and cardiovascular problems?
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Which of the following diseases is mentioned as a cause of systemic conditions affecting the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following diseases is mentioned as a cause of systemic conditions affecting the cardiovascular system?
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Which of the following diseases is associated with exposure to under-nutrition during postnatal periods of development?
Which of the following diseases is associated with exposure to under-nutrition during postnatal periods of development?
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Which of the following diseases is NOT mentioned as a cause of cardiovascular consequences of famine in the young?
Which of the following diseases is NOT mentioned as a cause of cardiovascular consequences of famine in the young?
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Which of the following systemic conditions is NOT known to affect the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following systemic conditions is NOT known to affect the cardiovascular system?
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What is the dominant cause of mortality in diabetic patients?
What is the dominant cause of mortality in diabetic patients?
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Which of the following is NOT associated with diabetes-associated metabolic disorders?
Which of the following is NOT associated with diabetes-associated metabolic disorders?
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What is the main cause of angina pectoris?
What is the main cause of angina pectoris?
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Is hypertension a cause, effect, or a combination of cardiovascular damage?
Is hypertension a cause, effect, or a combination of cardiovascular damage?
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Which of the following is NOT a systemic condition mentioned in relation to cardiovascular effects?
Which of the following is NOT a systemic condition mentioned in relation to cardiovascular effects?
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Which of the following is NOT associated with oxidative stress in diabetic patients?
Which of the following is NOT associated with oxidative stress in diabetic patients?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a systemic condition affecting the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a systemic condition affecting the cardiovascular system?
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Which of the following is a potential cause of thrombosis mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a potential cause of thrombosis mentioned in the text?
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Which of the following is NOT associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic cardiovascular disorders?
Which of the following is NOT associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic cardiovascular disorders?
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