Thomson's Experiment Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What happens to the electrons when the electric field is turned off?

  • They will continue to accelerate upwards.
  • They stop moving completely.
  • They change direction and travel horizontally.
  • They are influenced solely by the magnetic field. (correct)

What force is primarily responsible for the centripetal motion of electrons in Thomson's experiment?

  • Electric force
  • Magnetic force (correct)
  • Gravitational force
  • Frictional force

In Thomson's experiment, if the magnetic field covered a larger area, what effect would this have on the electrons?

  • Their velocity would decrease.
  • They would be trapped and move in a larger circle. (correct)
  • They would be forced to move in a straight line.
  • They would not be affected at all.

What is the relationship between the charge, mass, velocity, magnetic field, and radius in Thomson's formula?

<p>The radius is inversely proportional to the magnetic field strength. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following values is given for the magnetic field in the example provided?

<p>5.80e-4 T (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied about the velocity of electrons in Thomson's experiment with high velocities?

<p>High velocities significantly impact the final calculations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which variable represents the charge-to-mass ratio in Thomson's formulas?

<p>q (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could Thomson do if he wished to increase the stability of the electron path?

<p>Increase the magnetic field strength. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial purpose of the hot filament in the experiment?

<p>To eject electrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the electric field have on electrons when only the second set of parallel plates is activated?

<p>Electrons move upwards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the presence of a magnetic field alone, how do the electrons behave?

<p>They move downwards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results when both the electric and magnetic fields are activated correctly?

<p>Electrons travel in a straight line (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if the voltages applied to the plates were equal and opposite?

<p>Electrons would not be affected (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the design of the CRT ensure the electrons follow a controlled path?

<p>By manipulating the strength of the electric and magnetic fields (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when electrons hit the globe at the end of the tube due to the electric field?

<p>They create a glow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is true regarding the movement of electrons in a CRT?

<p>Both electric and magnetic fields can affect the electrons' trajectory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant outcome did J.J. Thomson achieve in his first experiment?

<p>He proved that cathode rays are made of negative charges. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Thomson use to improve the accuracy of his experiments in the cathode ray tube?

<p>A vacuum tube (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Thomson's second experiment, what did he observe about the cathode rays in an electric field?

<p>They deflected in the direction expected for negative charges. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key property did Thomson measure in his third experiment?

<p>The charge-to-mass ratio of the cathode rays (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the charge-to-mass ratio important in Thomson's research?

<p>It was the first measurement into atomic structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of John Dalton's Solid Sphere Model?

<p>To explain the chemistry he was studying. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were cathode rays observed to do in a cathode ray tube?

<p>Cause a glow at the positive end of the tube. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Thomson's experiments is FALSE?

<p>Thomson first identified the charge of cathode rays. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who among Thomson's associates also won a Nobel Prize in Physics?

<p>Ernest Rutherford (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did William Crookes conclude about the particles in a cathode ray tube?

<p>They were negatively charged. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it called a cathode ray tube?

<p>Because the negative electrode is referred to as the cathode. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Thomson infer about the nature of cathode rays after conducting his experiments?

<p>They consist of negatively charged particles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Dalton's view on atoms?

<p>They were solid pieces of matter that could not be subdivided. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable effect did Jean Baptiste Perrin demonstrate with cathode rays?

<p>They caused metals to gain a negative charge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation did Dalton's model of atoms have?

<p>It could not explain how atoms bond chemically. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the first experiments that provided insight into atomic structure?

<p>Observing the glowing effect of cathode rays. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between electric force and magnetic force when they are balanced?

<p>Electric force and magnetic force are equal in magnitude. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the velocity selector formula, what does the variable 'E' represent?

<p>Electric field measured in Newtons per Coulomb or Volts per meter. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the electric field is 7.62e7 N/C and the magnetic field is 3.65 T, what is the velocity of the electrons?

<p>2.09e7 m/s (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the velocity of electrons be adjusted in a CRT setup?

<p>By adjusting the electric and magnetic fields. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical significance of the computed electron velocity being almost 10% the speed of light?

<p>Indicates a high-energy process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the variable 'v' represent in the equation $E = vB$?

<p>Velocity of electrons in meters per second. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the forces acting on electrons when they are at the specific velocity defined by the velocity selector formula?

<p>Electric and magnetic forces become equal and opposite. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the velocity range of electrons in a velocity selector?

<p>The electric and magnetic fields used. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cathode rays did Thomson's findings highlight?

<p>They were super concentrated charge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nickname is commonly used for Thomson's model of the atom?

<p>Plum Pudding Model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Thomson's initial belief about the composition of atoms?

<p>Atoms are made entirely of electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Thomson explain the presence of neutral atoms?

<p>They must have positive substances to cancel electrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about Thomson's value for the charge-to-mass ratio?

<p>It was thousands of times larger than previously measured. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Thomson's conclusion about electrons suggest about their size?

<p>Electrons must be extremely tiny and densely charged. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physical analogy is used to describe Thomson's Plum Pudding Model?

<p>A lump of stuff with pieces floating inside. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What experimental evidence contributed to Thomson's conclusions about cathode rays?

<p>Cathode rays could pass through metal foil. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main limitation of Dalton's Solid Sphere Model?

<p>It could not explain chemical bonding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did William Crookes observe in his cathode ray tube experiments?

<p>Cathode rays caused the tube to glow. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Jean Baptiste Perrin demonstrate about cathode rays in his experiments?

<p>They gained a negative charge when shot into a metal tube. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did cathode ray tubes contribute to the understanding of atomic structure?

<p>They showed that electrons were part of atoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cathode rays was significant to J.J. Thomson's research?

<p>Their integration with magnetic fields. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the characteristics of atoms according to Dalton's model?

<p>Atoms are solid, indivisible particles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Thomson's Plum Pudding Model introduce about the atom?

<p>Atoms are positively charged spheres with embedded electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach did Crookes use to investigate cathode rays?

<p>Implementing high-quality vacuum tubes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the electrons in the absence of the electric field?

<p>They accelerate downward due to the magnetic field. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Thomson's experiment, what is the effect of increasing the size of the magnetic field?

<p>Electrons will be trapped and follow a circular path. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation represents the relationship between the charge-to-mass ratio and the other variables in Thomson's findings?

<p>$q v = m Br$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the variable 'r' signify in Thomson's equations?

<p>The radius of the electron's path. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the magnetic field play in the movement of electrons in Thomson's experiment?

<p>It causes them to accelerate downwards. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When trapping electrons in a larger magnetic field, what type of motion do they exhibit?

<p>Centripetal motion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the electric field strength is increased, what is the likely effect on the electron's path in Thomson's experiment?

<p>The electrons will curve more sharply. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the velocity of an electron being almost 10% the speed of light in Thomson's findings?

<p>It highlights relativistic effects on electrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main outcome of J.J. Thomson's first experiment with cathode rays?

<p>Thomson determined that cathode rays were composed of negatively charged particles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What breakthrough did Thomson achieve in his third experiment?

<p>Measurement of the charge-to-mass ratio of cathode rays. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Thomson build a nearly perfect vacuum tube for his second experiment?

<p>To prevent stray air molecules from affecting the results. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about the charge-to-mass ratio based on Thomson's findings?

<p>It is the first quantitative measurement of a property of cathode rays. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Thomson's cathode ray tube experiments was crucial for understanding atomic structure?

<p>The determination of the relationship between charge and mass of electrons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the electric field in Thomson's second experiment with cathode rays?

<p>It helped in deflecting the rays according to their charge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Thomson's exploration of cathode rays ultimately reveal about atoms?

<p>Electrons exist as distinct particles within atoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of J.J. Thomson's assistants in his research?

<p>They contributed to different aspects of his research and also won Nobel Prizes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial belief of J.J. Thomson regarding the composition of atoms?

<p>Atoms are entirely made up of electrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the charge-to-mass ratio indicate about cathode rays according to Thomson's findings?

<p>They are highly concentrated charges. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concept of Thomson's Plum Pudding model of the atom?

<p>Positive and negative charges are evenly distributed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Thomson conclude about the nature of the electrons after reviewing cathode rays?

<p>Electrons must be charged and light. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Thomson's Plum Pudding model visualize the structure of an atom?

<p>As a lump of positive material with electrons within. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Thomson believe there must be a positive substance in atoms?

<p>To balance the electrons' negative charges. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nickname is commonly given to Thomson's model of the atom?

<p>Raisin bun model. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the electric and magnetic forces related when they are in balance?

<p>The electric and magnetic forces are equal in magnitude. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct formula to find the velocity of electrons in a velocity selector?

<p>$v = \frac{E}{B}$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to electrons moving at the specific velocity defined by the velocity selector formula?

<p>They experience no net force. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an electric field of $7.62e7$ N/C and a magnetic field of $3.65$ T are applied, what is the calculated velocity of the electrons?

<p>$2.09e7$ m/s (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the variable 'B' represent in the velocity selector formula?

<p>Magnetic field strength (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the velocity selector setup, why is it significant that the electrons are moving at almost 10% the speed of light?

<p>It demonstrates the effectiveness of the setup in selecting specific velocities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the equation $F_e = F_m$ imply about the system of forces acting on the electrons?

<p>The two forces must always be equal for stability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the relationship $E = vB$ represent in the context of the experiment?

<p>The electric field strength is dependent on velocity and magnetic field strength. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the calculated charge-to-mass ratio determined by the experiment?

<p>1.70e11 C/kg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the velocity calculated for the electron, specifically $3.2068966e7$ m/s?

<p>It is the speed at which electric and magnetic forces balance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the calculated charge-to-mass ratio compare to the accepted theoretical value?

<p>It is very close to the accepted value. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the magnetic field in calculating the charge-to-mass ratio?

<p>It determines the radius of the electron path. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following formulas is critical in determining the charge-to-mass ratio during Step Two of the experiment?

<p>$q = mBr$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the variable 'r' represent in the context of the equations used to find the charge-to-mass ratio?

<p>Radius of the electron's circular path (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the experimental calculations, what is implied if the calculated charge-to-mass ratio has a percent error?

<p>There is room for improvement in the accuracy of measurements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constant represents the theoretical value of charge used in the charge-to-mass ratio calculation?

<p>1.60e-19 C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Thomson's Plum Pudding Model

A model of the atom proposed by J.J. Thomson in 1904 which suggested that atoms are composed of a positively charged sphere with negatively charged electrons embedded within it, resembling a plum pudding.

Dalton's Solid Sphere Model

A model of the atom proposed by John Dalton in 1803 that described atoms as solid, indivisible spheres.

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

A vacuum tube with two electrodes at the ends, used to study cathode rays.

Cathode Rays

Particles emitted from the negative electrode (cathode) in a cathode ray tube.

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Cathode in a CRT

In a cathode ray tube, the negative electrode is called the cathode. It emits cathode rays.

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Mask in a Crookes Tube

A device used to block or shape the path of cathode rays in a cathode ray tube.

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Shadow in a Crookes Tube

The shadow created by the cathode rays when they are blocked by a mask in a Crookes tube. Demonstrates the rectilinear path of the cathode rays.

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How CRTs helped understand atoms

Experiments with cathode ray tubes helped scientists understand the nature of the atom because they revealed the existence of negatively charged particles (electrons) within atoms.

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Thomson's First Experiment

The process of separating the negative charges (electrons) from the cathode rays using a magnetic field.

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Thomson's Second Experiment

In this experiment, a nearly perfect vacuum tube was used to observe the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field.

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Thomson's Third Experiment

Thomson measured the ratio of electric charge to mass of cathode rays, allowing him to gain insight into the properties of these particles.

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Coulomb

Smallest unit of electric charge, found on electrons and protons.

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Charge-to-Mass Ratio

The ratio of the electric charge to the mass of a charged particle. It is a characteristic property of the particle.

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Electrons

Tiny, negatively charged particles that make up cathode rays. They are fundamental building blocks of matter.

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Mass

The property of an object or particle to resist changes in its state of motion.

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Electron Emission

Electrons are emitted from a hot filament in a vacuum tube.

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Electric Field Acceleration

Parallel plates in a vacuum tube create an electric field that accelerates electrons towards the positive plate.

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Magnetic Field Deflection

An electromagnet produces a magnetic field that can deflect the path of moving electrons.

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Straight Path in Combined Fields

When both electric and magnetic fields are applied simultaneously, the electron's path can be straightened.

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Thomson's Experiment

J.J. Thomson's experiment used a cathode ray tube to measure the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons.

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Evidence for Electrons

Thomson's experiment provided evidence for the existence of subatomic particles, specifically electrons.

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Electron's Fundamental Constant

The charge-to-mass ratio of electrons, measured by Thomson, is a fundamental constant in physics.

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Electric Force

The force exerted by an electric field on a charged particle, calculated using F = qE, where F is the electric force, q is the charge, and E is the electric field strength.

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Magnetic Force

The force exerted by a magnetic field on a moving charged particle, calculated using F = qvB, where F is the magnetic force, q is the charge, v is the velocity of the particle, and B is the magnetic field strength.

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Velocity Selector

A device used to select particles with a specific velocity by balancing the electric and magnetic forces on them.

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Velocity Selector Formula

The equation that relates the electric field strength (E), magnetic field strength (B), and the velocity (v) of a charged particle in a velocity selector: E = vB

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Balancing Forces in a Velocity Selector

The process of adjusting the electric and magnetic fields in a velocity selector to ensure that charged particles travel in a straight path, indicating that the electric and magnetic forces are balanced.

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Selected Velocity

The speed at which a charged particle must travel to experience balanced electric and magnetic forces in a velocity selector.

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Electric Field Strength

The ability of an electric field to push or pull on a charged particle, measured in units of Newtons per Coulomb (N/C) or Volts per meter (V/m).

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Magnetic Field Strength

The strength of a magnetic field, measured in units of Tesla (T).

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Plum Pudding Model

The model's name hints at its structure: a sphere of positive charge with embedded electrons.

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Charge-to-Mass Ratio of Electrons

Thomson's discovery of electrons' high charge-to-mass ratio revealed they were concentrated charges.

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Thomson's Model's Significance

Thomson's model was later proven incorrect, but it was a crucial step in understanding the atom's structure.

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Magnetic force on a charged particle

The force experienced by a charged particle moving in a magnetic field. Its magnitude is directly proportional to the particle's charge, velocity, and the strength of the magnetic field. The direction of the force is perpendicular to both the velocity and the magnetic field, following the right-hand rule.

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Centripetal force

The inward force that keeps an object moving in a circular path. This force is always directed towards the center of the circle.

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Charge-to-mass ratio (q/m)

The ratio of the electric charge to the mass of a charged particle, often used in physics to analyze the behavior of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields. It is a fundamental property of the particle.

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Path of a charged particle in a magnetic field

The trajectory of a charged particle moving in a magnetic field. It will follow a curved path, typically a circle or helix, due to the magnetic force acting on it. The curvature of the path depends on factors like the charge, velocity, mass of the particle, and the strength of the magnetic field.

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Thomson's experiment with magnetic deflection

The process of using a magnetic field to deflect charged particles, allowing their charge-to-mass ratio to be determined. This was a key experiment used by J.J. Thomson to determine the properties of electrons.

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Thomson's charge-to-mass ratio experiment

The experiment designed by J.J. Thomson to measure the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons. It involves using both electric and magnetic fields to manipulate the electron beam and deduce the ratio of charge to mass.

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Electric force on a charged particle

The force exerted on a charged particle due to an electric field. The magnitude of the force depends on the charge of the particle and the strength of the electric field. The direction of the force is along the electric field lines for a positive charge and opposite for a negative charge.

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What are cathode rays?

Cathode rays are negatively charged particles emitted from the cathode in a cathode ray tube.

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What does a shadow in a Crookes tube demonstrate?

Cathode rays, when blocked by a mask in a Crookes tube, cast a shadow, indicating their straight path and particle nature.

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How did CRTs contribute to understanding atoms?

Cathode ray tubes helped scientists discover electrons by revealing the existence of negatively charged particles within atoms.

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What was unique about Thomson's model?

Thomson's model suggested that the atom was not solid but had a positive sphere with electrons scattered throughout.

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What did Thomson's experiment reveal about electrons?

Thomson's experiment with cathode rays helped determine the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons, revealing their high charge concentration.

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Why is Thomson's model important?

Thomson's Plum Pudding Model was later proven incorrect, but it was a crucial step in understanding the atom's structure.

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What are cathode rays made of?

A negatively charged particle emitted from the cathode in a cathode ray tube (CRT).

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What is charge-to-mass ratio?

The ratio of electric charge to mass of a particle. Measured in Coulombs per kilogram (C/kg).

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What did Thomson's third experiment achieve?

The experiment by J.J. Thomson that measured the charge-to-mass ratio of cathode rays, leading to the discovery of electrons.

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What is a cathode ray tube (CRT)?

A sealed glass tube with electrodes at the ends used to study the behavior of cathode rays.

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What did Thomson's second experiment prove?

The experiment by J.J. Thomson that showed cathode rays are deflected in an electric field, confirming they're made of negatively charged particles.

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What was the goal of Thomson's first experiment?

The experiment by J.J. Thomson that aimed to separate the negative charges from the cathode rays using a magnetic field but failed, leading him to conclude they were the same thing.

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What is Thomson's Plum Pudding Model?

J.J. Thomson's model of the atom, suggesting that atoms are composed of a positively charged sphere with negative electrons embedded within.

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What is the key technique in Thomson's experiment?

The act of measuring the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons in a cathode ray tube.

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Positively Charged Sphere in Thomson's Model

In Thomson's model, the positively charged sphere represents the bulk of the atom, while the negatively charged electrons are spread throughout.

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Electrons in Thomson's Model

According to Thomson's Plum Pudding Model, these negatively charged particles are embedded within the positively charged sphere, like plums scattered throughout pudding.

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