Third World: History, Challenges & Cold War
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Questions and Answers

Which historical event provided the etymological basis for the term 'Third World'?

  • The French Revolution, referencing the 'Third Estate' (correct)
  • The Opium Wars in China
  • The American Civil War
  • The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia

What was a primary goal of the 'Third World' countries' adoption of the term and movement?

  • To isolate themselves from global trade and focus on self-sufficiency
  • To establish military alliances against former colonial powers
  • To promote a unified cultural identity distinct from Western and Eastern cultures
  • To improve their position in world trade while remaining non-aligned during the Cold War (correct)

What common challenge did former colonial territories face upon entering the 'global south' or 'third world'?

  • Lack of natural resources
  • Geographic isolation from major trading routes
  • Similar colonial legacies hindering trade, economic development, and social equality (correct)
  • Absence of a shared language

During the Cold War era, how did the 'Third World' differ from the 'First' and 'Second' Worlds?

<p>It consisted of non-aligned countries that wanted to avoid taking sides in the Cold War. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the emergence of former colonial territories as a political and economic meta-region signify?

<p>The grouping of nations facing comparable obstacles due to their shared history of colonial exploitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of global politics and economics, what distinguishes the 'Third World' from the 'First' and 'Second' Worlds?

<p>A history of being exploited as former colonies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Non-Aligned Movement contribute to the identity and goals of the 'Third World'?

<p>By providing a platform for countries to assert their sovereignty and pursue independent development paths (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that explains geographic differences in economic production and world trade position?

<p>The historical processes of incorporating regions into the global economy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did core countries contribute to the economic specialization of peripheral countries?

<p>Through colonial domination, forcing narrow economic specialization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct consequence of the expansion of European capitalism?

<p>A politically and economically interdependent world political-economic system divided into core and periphery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a typical outcome for countries in the economic periphery due to colonial domination?

<p>Forced narrow economic specialization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did colonialism play in the economic development of peripheral countries?

<p>It limited or prevented industrialization and economic diversification. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does understanding the historical incorporation of regions into the world-system aid in explaining current global issues?

<p>It elucidates differences in wealth distribution, political conflicts, and economic positions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the relationship between core and periphery countries in the world-system?

<p>Core countries dominating trade and controlling territories in the economic periphery. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the global North/South economic divide, what is a distinguishing feature of 'core' countries?

<p>Domination of trade and control of territories in the economic periphery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome is least likely for a country incorporated into the global economy during the era of European empires?

<p>Developing a highly diversified industrial sector. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the era of late incorporation (1870-1945), what primary economic factor drove dominant powers like England and France to seek new territories and markets?

<p>Intense competition for remaining territories due to a global recession. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did advancements in transportation technology, such as steam engines and the construction of the Suez and Panama Canals, contribute to colonial expansion during the late industrial period?

<p>They facilitated trade and territorial control, enabling quicker access to resources and markets. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In peasant-based colonies during the late incorporation, how were small farmers often coerced into producing new crops for export?

<p>They were taxed into producing new cash crops. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the economic impact of late incorporation under monopoly capitalism on colonized regions?

<p>Reorientation of traditional production towards new cash crops, leading to economies drained of surplus and suppressed local industry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the policies of colonial powers regarding ethnic groups contribute to political instability in indirectly ruled colonies?

<p>By creating conflicts between ethnic groups through unequal power distribution within artificial borders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions experienced significant demographic shifts due to large numbers of European settlers during the mercantile phase?

<p>US, Mexico, Cuba, Hispaniola, Peru (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the transitional phase marked by the rise of industrial capitalism, which geographical shift in dominant powers occurred?

<p>From Spain and Portugal to NW European powers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary economic characteristic of territories during the early industrial phase?

<p>Plantation system with production mainly for export (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the political legacy of the mercantile phase in many newly independent nations?

<p>Land-owning elites maintaining political control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant environmental consequence in territories incorporated during the early Industrial Phase?

<p>Extensive deforestation due to plantation agriculture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the mercantile phase impact indigenous populations socially, economically, and spatially?

<p>Marginalized them, leading to social stratification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized land ownership patterns during the mercantile phase?

<p>Latifundia/minifundia pattern of unequal land ownership (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the early industrial phase, what infrastructural development primarily served?

<p>Serving plantation economies for export (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did colonial education systems during the early industrial phase impact local cultures?

<p>Imposed cultural hegemony and marginalized local knowledge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of the profits during the transitional phase with the rise of industrial capitalism?

<p>Fueled industrial revolution in Europe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary historical process associated with the formation of the modern world political-economic system?

<p>The expansion of European capitalism from around the mid-18th century. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did European colonization primarily influence the formation of the world-system?

<p>By playing a significant role in most world regions, though its impact varied. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'global south' or 'third world' primarily defined by?

<p>A political and economical meta-region that emerged from former colonial territories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common challenge faced by countries in the 'global south' as a result of their colonial past?

<p>Obstacles to trade, economic development, and social equality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a country was colonized in the 19th century, which of the following is a likely long-term effect based on the information provided?

<p>Continued struggles with trade, economic development, and social inequality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What broad historical trend does the emergence of the 'global south' as a distinct meta-region signify?

<p>The ongoing consequences of colonialism on the political and economic landscape. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the historical context, what is the role of capitalism in shaping the modern global political-economic system described?

<p>It played a central role in the expansion and structuring of the system since the mid-18th century. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a contemporary developing nation is experiencing trade imbalances and economic instability, how might its colonial history be relevant?

<p>Its colonial past might have established economic structures that continue to hinder balanced trade and stability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies how a legacy of colonialism could affect a nation's development today?

<p>A former colony struggles with political instability and corruption due to arbitrarily drawn borders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the concept of a world political-economic system, how do historical events like colonialism continue to shape current global dynamics?

<p>By influencing trade relationships, political alliances, and social structures in post-colonial nations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Global South

A political and economic meta-region of former colonial territories.

Third World

Term for countries historically exploited but seeking improvement post-colonialism.

Colonial Legacies

Historical impacts of colonialism on trade and social equality.

Non-Aligned Movement

Group of countries aiming for independence from Cold War powers.

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Etymology of 'Third World'

Originates from 'Tiers Monde,' relating to the French Revolution's 'Third Estate.'

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Exploitation in Colonies

Historical context of countries that were taken advantage of during colonial times.

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Cold War Context

Period in which the term 'Third World' gained distinct political significance.

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Late Modern Capitalism

Economic phase characterized by territorial expansion and investment, circa 1870-1945.

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Scramble for Africa

Intense competition among European powers to colonize Africa during the late 19th century.

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Colonial Triad

Economic structure focused on cash crops replacing traditional goods in colonies.

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Displacement of Indigenous Populations

Forcing local groups out of their lands due to colonial expansion and exploitation.

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Environmental Degradation

Negative environmental impacts caused by colonial exploitation and resource extraction.

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Core Countries

Nations that dominate trade and control global economic periphery.

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Economic Periphery

Regions that are economically dependent on core countries.

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Wealth Distribution

The way in which wealth is spread across different regions.

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Political Conflict

Struggles and disagreements within and between countries.

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Colonial Domination

Control exerted by core countries over their colonies.

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Economic Specialization

Focus on specific economic activities in peripheral regions.

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Industrialization

The process of developing industries in a country or region.

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Economic Diversification

Expanding into multiple economic activities to reduce dependence.

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Structural Origins

Historical roots that shaped current global economic divides.

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European Colonization

The period when European powers established control over other regions worldwide, significantly impacting global systems.

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Political and Economic Meta-Region

A collective term for areas that share similar political and economic characteristics post-colonization.

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Colonial Legacy

The long-lasting effects of colonialism on the political, economic, and social structures of former colonies.

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World Political-Economic System

The interconnected political and economic structures established since the 18th century, influenced by colonization.

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Mid-18th Century Capitalism

The period around 1750 marked by the expansion of European capitalist economies.

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Obstacles to Trade

Challenges faced by countries, often from colonial histories, that hinder economic development.

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Economic Development

The process of improving economic well-being and quality of life in countries, often a post-colonial goal.

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Social Equality Challenges

The ongoing issues resulting from historical injustices that affect social hierarchy and equality after colonial rule.

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Mercantile Phase

A period of mercantile economic practice focusing on trade and exploitation.

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Demographic Impact

Change in population due to European settlement and slave trade.

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Hacienda System

An economic system in which large estates produce for export.

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Latifundia

Large estates owned by few, contributing to land inequality.

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Political Control

Dominance by land-owning elites post-independence.

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Plantation Production

Agricultural systems focused on cash crops for export.

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Colonial Education

Education systems imposed by colonizers to create cultural hegemony.

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Dependency on Europe

Colonial economies reliant on European markets for survival.

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Social Stratification

System of social classes based on race and economic status.

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Early Industrial Phase

A historical period marked by industrial growth and social changes.

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Study Notes

Global Divides: Colonialism and the Modern World-System

  • The expansion of European colonialism and capitalism created an economically interconnected world system divided into core countries, which dominated trade and controlled territories in the economic periphery
  • Core countries enforced narrow economic specialization on the periphery, limiting industrialization and economic diversification
  • Former colonial territories formed a political and economic meta-region (global south, third world)
  • These regions faced similar colonial legacies as obstacles to trade, economic development, and social equality

Origins of World Meta-Regions

  • East versus West (ancient but still relevant)
  • Global North vs. Global South
  • Developed vs. developing, industrial vs. industrializing countries
  • These divisions have roots in European colonial expansion from 16th to 18th centuries
  • First World vs. Third World terminology originated during the Cold War

The Colonial Division of Production

  • Colonized territories were forced to specialize in producing and exporting a limited range of raw materials/products
  • These commodities were in high demand in Europe, but could not be efficiently produced there (e.g., tropical commodities)
  • Some colonies had specific commodities for which they had a comparative production advantage
  • This left a legacy of primary commodity export dependency

Political Origins of the Term "Third World"

  • The term "Third World" originated from the French term "Tiers État"
  • It referred to countries with a history of exploitation, often former colonies, seeking a future beyond exploitation
  • They wanted improvements in their position in world trade, but avoided taking sides in the Cold War (US/Western/Capitalist bloc vs. USSR/Eastern/Communist bloc)

European Empires and Colonial Incorporation

  • Understanding how regions, territories, people, and places became part of the modern global economy helps explain: economic production, wealth distribution, political conflicts, and demographic structures
  • European colonization was a major factor in the formation of the modern world system, though its impact varied across regions

World Political-Economic System

  • The modern world political-economic system emerged with 18th-century European capitalism expansion
  • Colonial rule reveals insights into various aspects of the world: production, trade patterns, land distribution, inequality, obstacles to development, and power dynamics

World Wealth (1500, 1900)

  • Historical maps display wealth distribution across the globe in the years 1500 and 1900
  • The maps visually show the wealth disparities and colonial empires that existed across the world in that period

Phases of Colonialism

  • Early Modern (Mercantile): (1500-1770) involved accumulation of wealth through land and extensive control (spices, Asian textiles) and dominant powers were Spain, Portugal and Netherlands
  • Transitional (Early Industrial): (1770-1870) moved towards exploitation of labor, competition among trade companies, and a shift to Northwestern European powers. The rise of the US hegemony is prominent here
  • Late Modern (Late Industrial): (1870-1945) involved investment-driven accumulation of wealth through companies. Steam engines, railroads, Suez Canal, and Panama Canal facilitated expansions

Legacies of Colonialism

  • Disrupted pre-existing social structures
  • Increased economic vulnerability of producers
  • Altered resource uses, intensive environmental impacts
  • Created economic obstacles to post-independence development
  • Imposed/redrew borders, imposed European political institutions
  • Created deep inequalities, fueling Cold War conflicts in the 20th century

Why Europe became Economically Dominant

  • In 1400, Asia was more advanced than Europe
  • By 1900, Europe and the US accounted for a vast majority of global GDP, while Asia's share declined
  • There have been shifts back to a more multi-polar world, with Asia rising again

Driving Forces Behind European Dominance

  • Plague, changes in social structure (increased labor scarcity, wages, private property, and literacy among commoners)
  • Weak European states compared to Asian empires, increased wealth from the enclosures and colonial profits
  • Consolidation of Europe as an imagined political community
  • Well-timed technological innovations (e.g., steam engine, textile mill), accessible energy (coal), naval supremacy

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Explore the origins of the term 'Third World' and its historical context. Understand its contrast to the 'First' and 'Second' Worlds during the Cold War. Examine the post-colonial challenges and the role of the Non-Aligned Movement.

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