FARM: Reproduction: Diseases of adult sheep
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FARM: Reproduction: Diseases of adult sheep

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of thin ewes?

  • Poor nutrition
  • Respiratory diseases
  • High milk production (correct)
  • Gastro-intestinal diseases

    • What is the main concern associated with thin ewes?

  • Improved colostrum quality
  • Economic losses (correct)
  • Enhanced milk production
  • Increased lamb birth weights

    • Which of the following diseases is NOT considered a chronic disease associated with thin ewes?

  • Caseous Lymphadenitis
  • Maedi-Visna
  • Johne’s (correct)
  • Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis

    • What is the purpose of ultrasound examination in thin ewes?

    <p>Evaluate lung health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic sample is NOT recommended for investigating thin sheep problem?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of annual post-mortem examination in thin ewes?

    <p>To identify chronic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of poor nutrition in thin ewes?

    <p>High milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern associated with respiratory diseases in thin ewes?

    <p>Poor lamb growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of lameness in thin ewes?

    <p>Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of investigating thin sheep problem through clinical examination?

    <p>Assess body condition score</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of teeth are checked for uneven wear and sharp edges in dental disease?

    <p>Molars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of external palpation in dental disease examination?

    <p>To check for lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of dental disease in sheep?

    <p>Sedation or GA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the problem of molar teeth quidding in dental disease?

    <p>Quidding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of uneven wear in dental disease?

    <p>Cull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common clinical sign of pharyngeal trauma in sheep?

    <p>Halitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for pharyngeal trauma in sheep?

    <p>Poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is a common and important cause of weight loss, ewe mortality, and poor performance in sheep?

    <p>Johne's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary route of transmission for Johne's Disease?

    <p>Faecal oral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is the key risk period for Johne's Disease infection?

    <p>First 3-4 months of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a typical clinical sign of Johne's Disease in animals?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pathological effect of Johne's Disease on the intestines?

    <p>Thickening of intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the diagnosis of Johne's Disease?

    <p>Many animals can be subclinically affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common clinical sign of Johne's Disease in sheep?

    <p>High parasite burdens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age of animals when clinical signs of Johne's Disease become evident?

    <p>3-4 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is the best option to confirm clinical cases of Johne's Disease in live animals?

    <p>PCR test on faeces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is useful for monitoring Johne's Disease in fallen stock and cull animals?

    <p>Post mortem with histology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group of ewes should be selected for Johne's Disease flock tests?

    <p>Ewes older than 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test can be done pooled for sample sizes, as discussed with the laboratory, for Johne's Disease flock tests?

    <p>PCR faecal antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccination reduces the clinical cases and excretion of bacteria of Johne's Disease?

    <p>Gudair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age should all lambs be vaccinated for Johne's Disease?

    <p>4 and 16 weeks old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended management practice to control Johne's Disease in sheep?

    <p>Keeping older and thinner ewes with younger breeding ewes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of hygiene practices at lambing time in relation to Johne's Disease?

    <p>Preventing transmission of Johne's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the SRUC Johne’s Disease Risk Level Accreditation Programme?

    <p>To reduce the risk of Johne's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of the Johne’s Disease Reduction Programme?

    <p>Reducing the risk of Johne's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of bloat in adult sheep?

    <p>Grain acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of frothy bloat in adult sheep?

    <p>Redgut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of peritonitis in adult sheep?

    <p>Intestinal adenocarcimoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of sudden death in adult sheep?

    <p>Redgut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of frothy bloat in adult sheep?

    <p>Legumes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT commonly seen in adult sheep?

    <p>Intestinal adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of liver fluke infection in sheep?

    <p>Decreased production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to the spread of liver fluke?

    <p>Rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which season do sheep experience acute fasciolosis due to liver fluke infection?

    <p>Autumn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of climate change on the timing of liver fluke disease?

    <p>Less predictable timing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum temperature required for miracidia to develop in liver fluke eggs?

    <p>Between 1°C and 10°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of liver fluke infection in sheep?

    <p>Enhanced fertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does most development of liver fluke take place in the UK?

    <p>Summer and autumn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why sheep don't develop immunity to liver fluke?

    <p>Lack of exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of liver fluke infection in sheep during winter and spring?

    <p>Chronic fasciolosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which season is associated with the occurrence of acute fluke disease?

    <p>Autumn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of severe hemorrhage in acute fluke disease?

    <p>Migration of immature stages through the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is commonly observed in chronic fluke disease?

    <p>Enlarged liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is chronic fluke disease commonly observed in the UK?

    <p>Autumn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of chronic fluke disease in animals?

    <p>Hepatic fibrosis and cholongitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is useful for monitoring the effectiveness of fluke control plans?

    <p>Fecal examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is recommended for monitoring naïve animals during their first grazing season?

    <p>Serum ELISA antibody test for fluke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the best time to sample lambs per management group for the serum ELISA antibody test for fluke?

    <p>Every 2-4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test can detect fluke at a similar time to faecal fluke egg counts?

    <p>Coproantigen ELISA test for fluke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test can be used to help with timing autumn treatments for fluke?

    <p>Faecal fluke egg counts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test can be used to detect fluke with false negatives in early infections and acute disease?

    <p>Faecal fluke egg counts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method for controlling Fluke?

    <p>Timed, targeted, drug treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of resistance to Tricalbendazole (TCBZ)?

    <p>Overuse of TCBZ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of treating Fluke without persistent activity?

    <p>Immediate re-infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of monitoring in the control of Fluke?

    <p>To tailor control strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of biosecurity in Fluke control?

    <p>To avoid purchasing animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment upon arrival of purchased animals?

    <p>Accurately dosing Closantel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is recommended for monitoring the effectiveness of Fluke control plans?

    <p>Composite Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of rotational use of drugs in Fluke control?

    <p>To prevent drug resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it recommended to use triclabendazole in Fluke control?

    <p>Autumn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of quarantine drenching in Fluke control?

    <p>To treat immature stages of the parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is becoming an increasing problem due to resistance in Fluke control?

    <p>Triclabendazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is recommended for treating immature stages of Fluke in late spring?

    <p>Albendazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should additional doses of TCBZ be administered in high-risk years and high-risk farms?

    <p>November</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended timing for dosing against adults in winter in Fluke control?

    <p>Winter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using forecast, monitoring, and farm risk in Fluke control?

    <p>To guide timing and frequency of drug treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is responsible for Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA)?

    <p>Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus (JRSV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA) virus spread?

    <p>Through lung fluids and aerosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body fluid can transmit the Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA) virus?

    <p>Milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA) in sheep?

    <p>2-4 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is NOT commonly observed in Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA)?

    <p>Exercise intolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic test for Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA) that involves "tip sheep up" to check for fluid accumulation in the lungs?

    <p>Wheelbarrow test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is there a treatment available for Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA)?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a control measure for Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA)?

    <p>Testing and culling affected farms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission for Maedi Visna?

    <p>Respiratory route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the worldwide distribution of Maedi Visna?

    <p>Global</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is currently being assessed as a flock screening tool for Maedi Visna?

    <p>Ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of Maedi Visna that affects sheep?

    <p>Chronic respiratory disease and chronic mastitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission for Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA)?

    <p>Respiratory route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary control measure for Maedi Visna?

    <p>Testing and culling affected animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is also caused by a lentivirus and is related to Maedi Visna?

    <p>Caprine arthritis encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of Maedi Visna that affects sheep neurologically?

    <p>Visna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical sign of Maedi Visna in sheep?

    <p>Head tremor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of Maedi Visna that affects sheep?

    <p>Neurological form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Maedi Visna primarily diagnosed in sheep?

    <p>Pathology examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission for Maedi Visna?

    <p>Respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary control method for Maedi Visna in sheep?

    <p>Test and cull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to develop a vaccine for Maedi Visna?

    <p>The virus is latent in the genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary diagnostic test for Mannhaemia haemolytica in sheep?

    <p>Serology testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary control method for Maedi Visna in sheep if flocks are kept permanently at grass?

    <p>Conservative approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical sign commonly associated with Chronic Suppurative Pneumonia in sheep?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of diagnosis for Chronic Suppurative Pneumonia in sheep?

    <p>Necropsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for Chronic Suppurative Pneumonia in sheep?

    <p>Culling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is characterized by loud inspiratory dyspnea in sheep?

    <p>Laryngeal Chondritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Laryngeal Chondritis in sheep?

    <p>Corticosteroids and broad spectrum long acting antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is associated with Ovine Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis (Pink Eye) in sheep?

    <p>Mycoplasma conjunctivae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause outbreaks of Ovine Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis (Pink Eye) in a flock of sheep?

    <p>Mixing of sheep, tupping time or feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of resistance to Tricalbendazole (TCBZ) in sheep?

    <p>Overuse and misuse of anthelmintics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern associated with thin ewes in sheep farming?

    <p>Poor reproductive performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with Anterior Uveitis or Silage eye?

    <p>Blephorospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for Anterior Uveitis or Silage eye?

    <p>Sub-conjunctival oxytet and dexamethasone (1mg)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suggested action to prevent Anterior Uveitis or Silage eye?

    <p>Remove the source of Listeriamonocytogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Thin Ewes

    • Thin ewes are a concern due to potential diseases, poor nutrition, and lameness
    • Main concern with respiratory diseases in thin ewes is pneumonia
    • Main concern with lameness in thin ewes is foot diseases

    Dental Disease

    • Dental disease is a potential cause of thin ewes
    • Molar teeth are checked for uneven wear and sharp edges in dental disease
    • External palpation is used in dental disease examination to check for uneven wear and sharp edges
    • Quidding is a term used for the problem of molar teeth quidding in dental disease
    • Pharyngeal trauma is a potential consequence of dental disease

    Johne's Disease

    • Johne's Disease is a common and important cause of weight loss, ewe mortality, and poor performance in sheep
    • Primary route of transmission for Johne's Disease is the faecal-oral route
    • Key risk period for Johne's Disease infection is in lambs
    • Typical clinical sign of Johne's Disease in animals is weight loss despite a good appetite
    • Main pathological effect of Johne's Disease on the intestines is villous atrophy
    • Diagnosis of Johne's Disease can be done using faecal culture, tissue biopsy, or serology
    • Typical age of animals when clinical signs of Johne's Disease become evident is 2-5 years
    • AGID (Agar Gel Immunodiffusion) test is the best option to confirm clinical cases of Johne's Disease in live animals
    • ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) test is useful for monitoring Johne's Disease in fallen stock and cull animals
    • Ewes between 2-5 years old should be selected for Johne's Disease flock tests
    • Pool testing can be done for Johne's Disease flock tests, as discussed with the laboratory
    • Vaccination reduces the clinical cases and excretion of bacteria of Johne's Disease
    • Lambs should be vaccinated for Johne's Disease at 3-4 weeks old
    • Recommended management practice to control Johne's Disease in sheep is to reduce the exposure to the bacteria
    • Main purpose of hygiene practices at lambing time in relation to Johne's Disease is to reduce the exposure to the bacteria
    • SRUC Johne’s Disease Risk Level Accreditation Programme is a certification programme that recognises farms that have a low risk of Johne's Disease
    • Johne’s Disease Reduction Programme aims to reduce the prevalence of Johne's Disease in Scotland

    Bloat

    • Bloat is a potential cause of sudden death in adult sheep
    • Primary cause of frothy bloat in adult sheep is a rapid fermentation of ingested material
    • Potential causes of bloat in adult sheep include grazing legumes, eating too quickly, and changing diet suddenly

    Liver Fluke

    • Liver fluke is a potential cause of weight loss and poor performance in sheep
    • Primary factor contributing to the spread of liver fluke is the presence of intermediate hosts
    • Sheep experience acute fasciolosis due to liver fluke infection during the winter and spring
    • Potential consequence of climate change on the timing of liver fluke disease is the alteration of the timing of fluke disease
    • Minimum temperature required for miracidia to develop in liver fluke eggs is 10°C
    • Most development of liver fluke takes place in the UK during the summer
    • Sheep don't develop immunity to liver fluke due to the complex life cycle of the parasite
    • Primary consequence of liver fluke infection in sheep during winter and spring is weight loss
    • Acute fluke disease is commonly observed in the UK during the autumn and winter
    • Primary cause of severe hemorrhage in acute fluke disease is the rupture of the liver
    • Chronic fluke disease is commonly observed in the UK during the spring and summer
    • Primary consequence of chronic fluke disease in animals is weight loss and poor performance

    Control of Fluke

    • Recommended treatment for fluke is the use of triclabendazole
    • Primary cause of resistance to Tricalbendazole (TCBZ) is the overuse of the drug
    • Consequence of treating Fluke without persistent activity is the development of resistance
    • Main purpose of monitoring in the control of Fluke is to identify the presence of the parasite
    • Main purpose of biosecurity in Fluke control is to reduce the exposure to the parasite
    • Recommended treatment upon arrival of purchased animals is to quarantine and treat them for fluke
    • Faecal fluke egg counts are recommended for monitoring the effectiveness of Fluke control plans
    • Primary purpose of rotational use of drugs in Fluke control is to reduce the development of resistance
    • Recommended timing for dosing against adults in winter in Fluke control is in November
    • Main purpose of using forecast, monitoring, and farm risk in Fluke control is to identify the risk of fluke disease
    • Main purpose of quarantine drenching in Fluke control is to reduce the exposure to the parasite

    Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA)

    • Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA) is a viral disease
    • OPA virus is responsible for Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA)
    • OPA virus is spread through direct contact with infected animals and contaminated environments
    • Body fluid that can transmit the Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA) virus is lung fluid
    • Incubation period for Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA) in sheep is several months to years
    • Clinical sign of Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA) is difficulty breathing
    • Diagnostic test for Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA) involves "tip sheep up" to check for fluid accumulation in the lungs
    • There is no treatment available for Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA)
    • Control measure for Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA) is to reduce the exposure to the virus

    Maedi Visna

    • Maedi Visna is a viral disease that affects sheep
    • Primary route of transmission for Maedi Visna is the faecal-oral route
    • Worldwide distribution of Maedi Visna is across the globe
    • Diagnostic test for Maedi Visna is the AGID (Agar Gel Immunodiffusion) test
    • Primary form of Maedi Visna that affects sheep is pneumonia
    • Primary control measure for Maedi Visna is to reduce the exposure to the virus
    • Related disease to Maedi Visna is Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)
    • Primary form of Maedi Visna that affects sheep neurologically is a neurological disease
    • Clinical sign of Maedi Visna in sheep is wasting
    • Primary diagnostic method for Maedi Visna in sheep is the AGID (Agar Gel Immunodiffusion) test
    • Primary route of transmission for Maedi Visna is the faecal-oral route
    • Primary control method for Maedi Visna in sheep is to reduce the exposure to the virus
    • Difficulty in developing a vaccine for Maedi Visna is due to the genetic diversity of the virus

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