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Questions and Answers
To argue persuasively, you must:
To argue persuasively, you must:
Be in dialogue with others
Summarizing others' arguments is:
Summarizing others' arguments is:
Central to your arsenal of basic moves
Writers who make strong claims need to:
Writers who make strong claims need to:
Map their claims (relative to those of other people)
Summarizing (in the book) refers to:
Summarizing (in the book) refers to:
Some writers shy away from summarizing because:
Some writers shy away from summarizing because:
2 extremes to summarizing are:
2 extremes to summarizing are:
Those who only summarize may:
Those who only summarize may:
Summaries often have:
Summaries often have:
A general rule of summarizing is to balance what:
A general rule of summarizing is to balance what:
A summary must be true to what the original author says while also:
A summary must be true to what the original author says while also:
Summarizing can be tricky because it means facing:
Summarizing can be tricky because it means facing:
To write a good summary, you must be able to suspend:
To write a good summary, you must be able to suspend:
The 'believing game' was coined by writing theorist:
The 'believing game' was coined by writing theorist:
The 'believing game' is:
The 'believing game' is:
The ability to temporarily suspend one's own convictions is a hallmark of good actors, who must:
The ability to temporarily suspend one's own convictions is a hallmark of good actors, who must:
When you play the believing game well:
When you play the believing game well:
If you are unable to suspend your own beliefs, you are likely to produce:
If you are unable to suspend your own beliefs, you are likely to produce:
Length of a good summary:
Length of a good summary:
When a writer fails to provide enough summary, he or she falls prey to:
When a writer fails to provide enough summary, he or she falls prey to:
'The closet cliché syndrome' refers to:
'The closet cliché syndrome' refers to:
When entering into a conversation with others, it is important to:
When entering into a conversation with others, it is important to:
A writer who fails to go back to what others have said ends up conversing with:
A writer who fails to go back to what others have said ends up conversing with:
An effective summary requires you to temporarily adopt:
An effective summary requires you to temporarily adopt:
Adopting the view of another does not mean:
Adopting the view of another does not mean:
When summarizing, it is your duty to represent what the text said and:
When summarizing, it is your duty to represent what the text said and:
When summarizing it is important to align your:
When summarizing it is important to align your:
Writers who summarize without regard to their own interests fall prey to:
Writers who summarize without regard to their own interests fall prey to:
'List summaries' refer to:
'List summaries' refer to:
Words often used in list summaries include:
Words often used in list summaries include:
A summary has to have a slant or spin that:
A summary has to have a slant or spin that:
Think of a summary as a joint property that reflects:
Think of a summary as a joint property that reflects:
An exception to the rule that 'good summaries require a balance between what someone else has said and your own interests as a writer' is:
An exception to the rule that 'good summaries require a balance between what someone else has said and your own interests as a writer' is:
The satiric summary refers to:
The satiric summary refers to:
The satiric mode can be an effective form of critique because:
The satiric mode can be an effective form of critique because:
When summarizing, try to avoid words like:
When summarizing, try to avoid words like:
Why should we avoid using bland words?
Why should we avoid using bland words?
People often tend to _____________ with their writing
People often tend to _____________ with their writing
Try using phrases such as:
Try using phrases such as:
College level authors don't 'say' or 'discuss' things, but rather:
College level authors don't 'say' or 'discuss' things, but rather:
When summarizing and introducing a quotation:
When summarizing and introducing a quotation:
Verbs for making a claim include:
Verbs for making a claim include:
Verbs for expressing agreement include:
Verbs for expressing agreement include:
Verbs for questioning or disagreeing include:
Verbs for questioning or disagreeing include:
Verbs for making recommendations include:
Verbs for making recommendations include:
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Study Notes
Persuasive Argumentation
- Effective persuasion requires being in dialogue with others to understand diverse viewpoints.
- Summarizing others' arguments is a fundamental skill for constructing your own persuasive narrative.
Importance of Summarizing
- Summarizing enhances a writer's credibility and demonstrates engagement with different ideas.
- Writers should balance presenting their claims with relevant summaries of opposing views.
Characteristics of Summaries
- Good summaries maintain the integrity of the original ideas while highlighting aspects of personal interest.
- A summary may lack focus if it fails to compare or contrast various viewpoints clearly.
Challenges in Summarizing
- Failing to summarize adequately can lead to "the closet cliché syndrome," where writers mistakenly represent common clichés as the author's views.
- Writers risk creating biased summaries if they cannot suspend their beliefs during the writing process.
Techniques for Effective Summarizing
- Aim to produce concise summaries, ideally in 1 or 2 sentences, that reflect the original argument.
- Use precise language and vivid verbs instead of bland phrases like "they said" to effectively convey the original argument's essence.
Writing Style and Expression
- Avoid "list summaries" that merely catalog points without weaving them into a larger argument.
- Comprehensive summaries should reflect both the source material and the writer’s perspective, creating a joint property of ideas.
The Believing Game
- "The believing game," coined by Peter Elbow, involves adopting others' worldviews to engage meaningfully with their arguments.
- This approach allows for a deeper exploration of contrasting perspectives, enabling readers to see the argument's complexity without clear bias.
Summary Techniques
- Use a range of strong verbs to convey various positions: for claiming, use terms like "assert" and "emphasize"; for agreement, use "endorse" and "support"; for disagreement, terms like "refute" and "contend" are effective.
- Writers should strive to present summaries that not only share what others have said but also exert a subtle influence aligned with their own interests.
Special Considerations
- The satiric summary allows for a biased spin that critiques the original argument without direct editorial interference, highlighting flaws in a creative manner.
- Beware of playing it safe, as this can undermine the depth and engagement of your writing. Use strong, assertive phrases to captivate readers.
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