Podcast
Questions and Answers
Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS) applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex suppressed reward-related signaling in the anterior ______ cortex.
Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS) applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex suppressed reward-related signaling in the anterior ______ cortex.
midcingulate
Continuous TBS had ______ effect on reward-related signaling in the anterior midcingulate cortex.
Continuous TBS had ______ effect on reward-related signaling in the anterior midcingulate cortex.
no
Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) protocols have recently emerged as having a fast and robust ______ action on motor cortex excitability.
Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) protocols have recently emerged as having a fast and robust ______ action on motor cortex excitability.
facilitatory
Continuous TBS (cTBS) has a(n) ______ action on motor cortex excitability.
Continuous TBS (cTBS) has a(n) ______ action on motor cortex excitability.
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The evaluation of TBS when applied to prefrontal regions requires different approaches, such as PET, EEG, and ______.
The evaluation of TBS when applied to prefrontal regions requires different approaches, such as PET, EEG, and ______.
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Combined TBS ______ studies designed to investigate the after-effects of TBS beyond the motor cortex have largely produced conflicting results.
Combined TBS ______ studies designed to investigate the after-effects of TBS beyond the motor cortex have largely produced conflicting results.
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The study of prefrontal function in both typical and atypical populations has included the use of ______.
The study of prefrontal function in both typical and atypical populations has included the use of ______.
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While TBS effects on motor cortical excitability can be assessed relatively directly by measuring motor‐evoked ______, the evaluation of TBS when applied to prefrontal regions requires different approaches.
While TBS effects on motor cortical excitability can be assessed relatively directly by measuring motor‐evoked ______, the evaluation of TBS when applied to prefrontal regions requires different approaches.
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The action of TBS protocols on neurocognitive functioning remain ______.
The action of TBS protocols on neurocognitive functioning remain ______.
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The study used robot-assisted TBS, in combination with scalp electrophysiological recordings, to examine whether TBS protocols applied to the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) can differentially modulate the activity of the anterior midcingulate cortex (______).
The study used robot-assisted TBS, in combination with scalp electrophysiological recordings, to examine whether TBS protocols applied to the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) can differentially modulate the activity of the anterior midcingulate cortex (______).
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An influential theory holds that aMCC utilizes reward prediction error signals (RPEs) for the purpose of reinforcing ______ behaviors.
An influential theory holds that aMCC utilizes reward prediction error signals (RPEs) for the purpose of reinforcing ______ behaviors.
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In humans, the process of the aMCC utilizing reward prediction error signals is revealed by a component of the event-related brain potential called the reward ______.
In humans, the process of the aMCC utilizing reward prediction error signals is revealed by a component of the event-related brain potential called the reward ______.
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Converging evidence indicates that the reward positivity is generated in aMCC and indexes an ______ signal.
Converging evidence indicates that the reward positivity is generated in aMCC and indexes an ______ signal.
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10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied to the left DLPFC has been shown to enhance dopamine release, neuronal activity, and cerebral blood flow in the ______.
10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied to the left DLPFC has been shown to enhance dopamine release, neuronal activity, and cerebral blood flow in the ______.
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The reward positivity is observed as a differential response in the ______ to reward and no-reward feedback.
The reward positivity is observed as a differential response in the ______ to reward and no-reward feedback.
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Participants freely navigated a virtual T-maze to find monetary rewards (reward: 5 cents, no-reward: ______ cents).
Participants freely navigated a virtual T-maze to find monetary rewards (reward: 5 cents, no-reward: ______ cents).
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Study Notes
Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS) of the Anterior Midcingulate Cortex (aMCC)
- TBS protocols, recently developed, have fast and robust effects on motor cortex excitability, acting as both facilitatory (iTBS) and inhibitory (cTBS).
- These effects have shown potential in studying prefrontal function in typical and atypical populations, but existing studies on prefrontal regions have yielded conflicting results.
- The study investigated if TBS, applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), could modulate aMCC activity during a goal-directed behavior.
Reward Positivity and aMCC
- The anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) plays a role in reward prediction error (RPE) signals, and a component of the event-related brain potential, the reward positivity, indexes this signal, indicating RPE in the aMCC.
- 10 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the DLPFC enhances dopamine release, activity in the aMCC, and reward positivity amplitude.
Intermittent TBS (iTBS) Effects on aMCC
- Applying iTBS to the left DLPFC after a baseline block decreased reward positivity in subsequent blocks, suggesting a reduction in aMCC activity related to reward information processing.
- This reduction in reward positivity is not observed with continuous TBS (cTBS) and was not observed in other brain-behavior relationships.
TBS Effects on Goal-Directed Behavior
- Reaction time decreased following cTBS, but increased and become more variable across behavioral strategies with iTBS. This suggests that iTBS could have a "virtual lesion" effect on aMCC.
- A multiple regression analysis indicated that a decrease in reward positivity amplitude following iTBS predicted a decrease in the choice of an alternative maze alley.
Study Methods
- 19 right-handed adults (18 - 28 years old) participated and underwent EEG recordings and robot-assisted TBS targeting the DLPFC.
- A "virtual" T-maze task involved participants making choices between alleys to find monetary rewards, allowing precise tracking of the position of the coil.
- Participants also underwent questionnaires about alcohol, smoking, and substance use.
ERP Analysis
- ERPs were collected and analyzed to evaluate reward positivity, P200, N200, and P300.
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Description
Explore the effects of Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS) on the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) and how it relates to reward positivity and goal-directed behaviors. This quiz delves into the implications of TBS protocols on motor cortex excitability and prefrontal function. Test your understanding of the neural mechanisms at play!
