Thermodynamics: Water's Phase Changes

Triple Point of Water

• The triple point of water occurs at a specific temperature and pressure where water exists simultaneously as a solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor).

Triple Point Location

• It's the point where the solid, liquid, and gas phases of water meet on a phase diagram.

Boyle's Law

• Describes the inverse relationship between the volume (V) of a gas and its pressure (P) when the temperature (T) remains constant.
• The law states that the product of pressure and volume is constant for a given mass of gas at a fixed temperature.
• Mathematically represented as: PV = constant.
• Can be visualized on a graph as a hyperbola (V vs. P) or a straight line passing through the origin (P vs. 1/V).

Critical Point

• The highest point on the vaporization curve in a phase diagram.
• Represents the critical pressure (PcP_cPc​) and critical temperature (TcT_cTc​) above which a gas cannot be liquefied by compression alone.
• A gas above the critical temperature will not separate into phases when compressed isothermally.

Electromagnetic Induction

• Electromagnetic induction describes the dynamic relationship between magnetism and electricity.
• Michael Faraday discovered the principle of electromagnetic induction in the early 19th century.
• A changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF), or voltage, in a conductor.
• The principle is fundamental to understanding electrical processes and modern technologies like generators and transformers.
• Electromagnetic induction relates to the concepts of magnetic flux, electric currents, and the connections between them.
• Electromagnetic induction plays a crucial role in modern technology and industry.