10 Questions
Explain the concept of state function in thermodynamics and provide examples.
State functions in thermodynamics are properties that depend only on the current state of the system, such as temperature (T), pressure (P), volume (V), energy (E), enthalpy (H), and entropy (S). These properties do not depend on the path taken to reach that state.
Differentiate between extensive and intensive properties in thermodynamics. Provide examples of each.
Extensive properties in thermodynamics depend on the quantity of matter present, and include mass, volume, heat capacity, enthalpy, and entropy. Intensive properties do not depend on the quantity of matter and are specific to the nature of the substance, such as temperature (T), pressure (P), density, refractive index, and viscosity.
Define internal energy in thermodynamics and explain its significance.
Internal energy (U) in thermodynamics is the total energy within a system, including its potential, kinetic, and chemical energies. It is a state function and an extensive property. Changes in internal energy (\Delta U) can indicate whether energy is released or absorbed during a process.
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics and how is it mathematically represented?
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another. Mathematically, it is represented as $U = q + w$, where U is the internal energy, q is the heat transferred, and w is the work done on or by the system.
Explain the concept of heat in thermodynamics and its relationship with temperature.
Heat (q) in thermodynamics is a form of energy that is exchanged between a system and its surroundings due to a temperature difference. It is measured in joules (J) or calories (1 calorie = 4.18 J). Heat is related to temperature, as the transfer of heat occurs due to differences in temperature between the system and its surroundings.
Explain the nature of electricity in terms of protons and electrons and how it determines the charge of a body.
Matter contains protons and electrons, with the positive charge on a proton being equal to the negative charge on an electron. The relative number of protons and electrons determines whether a body exhibits electricity. If the number of protons equals the number of electrons, the body is electrically neutral. Removal of electrons results in a positive charge, while supplying electrons results in a negative charge.
What is the unit of charge and why is the charge on an electron not used as the unit of charge?
The unit of charge is the coulomb, abbreviated as C. The charge on an electron is too small to be convenient, so the coulomb is used as the practical unit of charge. One coulomb of charge is equal to the charge on 625 × 10^16 electrons.
Define electric current and explain what causes the directed flow of free electrons.
Electric current is the directed flow of free electrons or charge. The flow of electric current is caused by the directed movement of free electrons.
Describe the effect on the charge of a body when electrons are removed from a neutral body.
When electrons are removed from a neutral body, there is a deficit of electrons, resulting in the body attaining a positive charge.
Explain the concept of electric current with reference to Fig. 1.1.
Electric current is the directed flow of free electrons or charge. The concept of electric current can be explained by referring to Fig. 1.1.
Test your knowledge of thermodynamics principles with this quiz covering topics like system and surroundings, state of a system, and the fundamental science of energy forms. See how well you understand the quantitative relationships and state functions in thermodynamics.
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