32 Questions
What is thermodynamics?
The science of energy conversion involving heat and other forms of energy, most notably mechanical work.
What does thermodynamics not consider?
Phenomena from the point of molecular movements.
What type of systems does thermodynamics study?
Macroscopic systems at equilibrium state and the processes of their transformation.
In what other fields is the thermodynamic method widely used?
Physics, chemistry, and biology.
What is an open system in thermodynamics?
Open System - Matter and energy can be exchanged with the surroundings
Define the first law of thermodynamics.
The first law of thermodynamics is the application of the conservation of energy principle to heat and thermodynamic processes.
What is the change in internal energy denoted as?
Change in internal energy = final energy minus initial energy
How is work defined in thermodynamics?
The energy transferred when a force moves an object
What is an adiabatic process in thermodynamics?
Taking place without heat exchange with the environment, the system does not receive heat and does not give it to the environment.
Define enthalpy in thermodynamics.
Heat flow in processes occurring at constant pressure
What is the definition of heat in thermodynamics?
The energy transferred between a system and its surroundings due to difference in temperature
Explain entropy in thermodynamics.
Entropy is the amount of disorder in a process and is a measure of randomness.
What is the formula for the change in entropy?
Change in entropy ΔS = Sfinal – Sinitial
What does the second law of thermodynamics state?
The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time.
What are the four types of thermodynamic processes?
- Isothermal process 2. Isobaric process 3. Isochoric (or isometric) process 4. Adiabatic process
What is an isothermal process in thermodynamics?
A process during which the temperature T = const
Which type of amino acid can serve as precursors for the formation of glucose or glycogen?
Glycogenic amino acids
Which amino acid cannot be synthesized by the body and needs to be supplied through the diet?
Methionine
What is the general solubility property of amino acids?
Soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents
At what temperature do amino acids generally melt?
Above 200°C
Which type of polar amino acids carry no charge on the 'R' group?
Neutral amino acids
Which of the following amino acids can fat be synthesized from?
Leucine
What is the pH at which a molecule exists as a zwitterion or dipolar ion and carries no net charge?
pH at which a molecule has the lowest concentration of zwitterions
Which type of amino acid forms a peptide bond with releasing of water?
Amino acid with an asymmetric center at the α-carbon
Which function is NOT associated with proteins?
Storing genetic information
What type of bond is NOT involved in maintaining the tertiary structure of a protein?
Covalent bond
Which protein is involved in the storage and transport of oxygen?
Myoglobin
Which type of protein takes part in muscle contraction?
Structural proteins
Where does the primary structure of proteins get its information from?
Genetic information in the DNA
What type of structures result from folding of the covalently linked amino acids into regularly repeating structures?
Secondary structure
What is the term for the association of two or more peptide chains to form the functional protein?
Quaternary structure
What is another term for a zwitterion acting as an acid (proton donor)?
Amphoteric substance
Explore the science of energy conversion and macroscopic variables in thermodynamics, including temperature, volume, and pressure. Learn about thermo processes, energy transformations, and the properties of equilibrium state macroscopic systems.
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