Thermodynamics: Macroscopic Energy Conversion

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What is thermodynamics?

The science of energy conversion involving heat and other forms of energy, most notably mechanical work.

What does thermodynamics not consider?

Phenomena from the point of molecular movements.

What type of systems does thermodynamics study?

Macroscopic systems at equilibrium state and the processes of their transformation.

In what other fields is the thermodynamic method widely used?

Physics, chemistry, and biology. Signup and view all the answers

What is an open system in thermodynamics?

Open System - Matter and energy can be exchanged with the surroundings Signup and view all the answers

Define the first law of thermodynamics.

The first law of thermodynamics is the application of the conservation of energy principle to heat and thermodynamic processes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the change in internal energy denoted as?

Change in internal energy = final energy minus initial energy Signup and view all the answers

How is work defined in thermodynamics?

The energy transferred when a force moves an object Signup and view all the answers

What is an adiabatic process in thermodynamics?

Taking place without heat exchange with the environment, the system does not receive heat and does not give it to the environment. Signup and view all the answers

Define enthalpy in thermodynamics.

Heat flow in processes occurring at constant pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of heat in thermodynamics?

The energy transferred between a system and its surroundings due to difference in temperature Signup and view all the answers

Explain entropy in thermodynamics.

Entropy is the amount of disorder in a process and is a measure of randomness. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the change in entropy?

Change in entropy ΔS = Sfinal – Sinitial Signup and view all the answers

What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of thermodynamic processes?

<ol> <li>Isothermal process 2. Isobaric process 3. Isochoric (or isometric) process 4. Adiabatic process</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is an isothermal process in thermodynamics?

A process during which the temperature T = const Signup and view all the answers

Which type of amino acid can serve as precursors for the formation of glucose or glycogen?

Glycogenic amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid cannot be synthesized by the body and needs to be supplied through the diet?

Methionine Signup and view all the answers

What is the general solubility property of amino acids?

Soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature do amino acids generally melt?

Above 200°C Signup and view all the answers

Which type of polar amino acids carry no charge on the 'R' group?

Neutral amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids can fat be synthesized from?

Leucine Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH at which a molecule exists as a zwitterion or dipolar ion and carries no net charge?

pH at which a molecule has the lowest concentration of zwitterions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of amino acid forms a peptide bond with releasing of water?

Amino acid with an asymmetric center at the α-carbon Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT associated with proteins?

Storing genetic information Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is NOT involved in maintaining the tertiary structure of a protein?

Covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is involved in the storage and transport of oxygen?

Myoglobin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein takes part in muscle contraction?

Structural proteins Signup and view all the answers

Where does the primary structure of proteins get its information from?

Genetic information in the DNA Signup and view all the answers

What type of structures result from folding of the covalently linked amino acids into regularly repeating structures?

Secondary structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the association of two or more peptide chains to form the functional protein?

Quaternary structure Signup and view all the answers

What is another term for a zwitterion acting as an acid (proton donor)?

Amphoteric substance Signup and view all the answers