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Questions and Answers
Which law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another?
Which law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another?
What is the change in energy (ΔE) equal to, according to the First Law of Thermodynamics?
What is the change in energy (ΔE) equal to, according to the First Law of Thermodynamics?
Which type of system does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings?
Which type of system does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings?
What is the total energy of a system, including kinetic energy, potential energy, and potential energy associated with the interactions between particles?
What is the total energy of a system, including kinetic energy, potential energy, and potential energy associated with the interactions between particles?
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Which of the following is a measure of the total energy of a system, including internal energy and the energy associated with the pressure and volume of a system?
Which of the following is a measure of the total energy of a system, including internal energy and the energy associated with the pressure and volume of a system?
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What is the change in entropy (ΔS) equal to, according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
What is the change in entropy (ΔS) equal to, according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
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Study Notes
Thermodynamics
Laws of Thermodynamics
- Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
- First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. ΔE = Q - W, where ΔE is the change in energy, Q is the heat added, and W is the work done.
- Second Law of Thermodynamics: The total entropy of a closed system always increases over time, except in reversible processes. ΔS = ΔQ / T, where ΔS is the change in entropy, ΔQ is the heat added, and T is the temperature.
- Third Law of Thermodynamics: As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value.
Thermodynamic Systems
- Isolated System: A system that does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings.
- Closed System: A system that does not exchange matter with its surroundings, but can exchange energy.
- Open System: A system that can exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings.
Thermodynamic Properties
- Internal Energy (U): The total energy of a system, including kinetic energy, potential energy, and potential energy associated with the interactions between particles.
- Enthalpy (H): A measure of the total energy of a system, including internal energy and the energy associated with the pressure and volume of a system. H = U + PV, where P is the pressure and V is the volume.
- Entropy (S): A measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.
- Free Energy (G): A measure of the energy available to do work in a system. G = H - TS, where T is the temperature and S is the entropy.
Thermodynamic Processes
- Isothermal Process: A process that occurs at a constant temperature.
- Adiabatic Process: A process that occurs without the transfer of heat.
- Isobaric Process: A process that occurs at a constant pressure.
- Isochoric Process: A process that occurs at a constant volume.
Laws of Thermodynamics
- If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other (Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics).
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another, ΔE = Q - W (First Law of Thermodynamics).
- The total entropy of a closed system always increases over time, except in reversible processes, ΔS = ΔQ / T (Second Law of Thermodynamics).
- As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value (Third Law of Thermodynamics).
Thermodynamic Systems
- An isolated system does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings.
- A closed system does not exchange matter with its surroundings, but can exchange energy.
- An open system can exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings.
Thermodynamic Properties
- Internal Energy (U) is the total energy of a system, including kinetic energy, potential energy, and potential energy associated with interactions between particles.
- Enthalpy (H) is a measure of the total energy of a system, including internal energy and the energy associated with pressure and volume, H = U + PV.
- Entropy (S) is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.
- Free Energy (G) is a measure of the energy available to do work in a system, G = H - TS.
Thermodynamic Processes
- Isothermal Process: a process that occurs at a constant temperature.
- Adiabatic Process: a process that occurs without the transfer of heat.
- Isobaric Process: a process that occurs at a constant pressure.
- Isochoric Process: a process that occurs at a constant volume.
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Description
Understand the fundamental principles of thermodynamics, including the zeroth, first, and second laws that govern energy and entropy.