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Thermodynamics Introduction
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Thermodynamics Introduction

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What is thermodynamics defined as?

  • A science dealing with energy and its transformation (correct)
  • A science dealing with chemical reactions and its applications
  • A science dealing with electrical circuits and its properties
  • A science dealing with matter and its transformation

    • What is the boundary of a thermodynamic system called?

  • Boundary (correct)
  • Separation layer
  • Surface
  • Control surface

    • Which type of system has a fixed amount of mass and no mass can cross its boundary?

  • Open system
  • Control mass
  • Control volume
  • Closed system (correct)

    • What is an example of an open system?

    <p>Compressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the macroscopic approach in thermodynamic studies?

    <p>Considering the overall behavior of the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to describe a thermodynamic system?

    <p>A few properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a region in space chosen for study?

    <p>System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of approach is used in the study of classical thermodynamics?

    <p>Macroscopic approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cross the boundary of a closed system?

    <p>Energy in the form of heat or work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mass and region outside the system?

    <p>Surrounding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main assumption of the microscopic approach?

    <p>The matter is comprised of a large number of tiny particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an intensive property?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific volume of a substance?

    <p>The ratio of its volume to its mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition of a system at any instant of time called?

    <p>State</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a continuum?

    <p>A continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state postulate used for?

    <p>To determine the number of properties required to fix the state of a system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thermal equilibrium?

    <p>When the temperature is same throughout the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an extensive property?

    <p>Mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a process in thermodynamics?

    <p>Any change that a system goes from one equilibrium state to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of dividing a system into two equal parts with a partition?

    <p>To determine whether the property is intensive or extensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of a quasi-static process?

    <p>Infinite slowness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an irreversible process?

    <p>A net change occurs in the Universe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for work in the International System of Units (SI)?

    <p>Joule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of work involves energy transfer that occurs when a system undergoes a change in volume or pressure?

    <p>Pressure-Volume work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sign convention for work done by the system on the surroundings?

    <p>Positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between heat and work in the first law of thermodynamics?

    <p>?U=Q-W</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a reversible process?

    <p>Infinitely slow with an infinitesimal gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a reversible process?

    <p>Frictionless isothermal expansion of a fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating work in physics?

    <p>W=F·d·cos(?)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chemical equilibrium related to?

    <p>Chemical potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a quasi-equilibrium process?

    <p>A process that remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a point function?

    <p>A quantity whose change is independent of the path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cycle?

    <p>A process that returns to its initial state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation between the Kelvin scale and the Celsius scale?

    <p>T(K) = T(C) + 273.16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of pressure in the SI system?

    <p>pascal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of absolute pressure?

    <p>The pressure measured relative to absolute vacuum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thermal equilibrium?

    <p>Equality of temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mechanical equilibrium related to?

    <p>Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a path function?

    <p>A quantity whose value depends on the path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of thermodynamic equilibrium?

    <p>A state where no changes in macroscopic properties are observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Thermodynamics Introduction

    • Thermodynamics is the science of energy and its transformation, and its effects on physical properties of substances.
    • Deals with equilibrium and feasibility of a process.
    • Involves the relationship between heat and work and properties of systems in equilibrium.

    Thermodynamic System

    • Defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
    • The mass and region outside the system is called the surrounding.
    • The boundary that separates the system from the surrounding can be real or imaginary.

    Types of Systems

    • Closed System (Control Mass):
      • Consists of a fixed amount of mass.
      • No mass can cross its boundary or leave/enter.
      • Energy in the form of heat or work can cross the boundary.
      • Volume does not have to be fixed.
      • Example: piston-cylinder device.
    • Open System (Control Volume):
      • A properly selected region in space.
      • Both mass and energy can cross the boundary.
      • Boundary is called a control surface and can be real or imaginary.
      • Example: compressor, turbine, nozzle.

    Approaches to Thermodynamic Study

    • Macroscopic Approach:
      • Considers a certain quantity of matter without considering molecular-level events.
      • Requires simple mathematical formulae.
      • Used in classical thermodynamics.
      • Concerned with overall behavior of the system.
      • Few properties are required to describe the system.
    • Microscopic Approach:
      • Considers matter to be comprised of many tiny particles (molecules) that move randomly.
      • Effects of molecular motion are considered.
      • Requires advanced statistical and mathematical methods.
      • Used in statistical thermodynamics.
      • Requires knowledge of the structure of matter.

    Properties of a System

    • Property: Any characteristic of a system.
    • Intensive Properties:
      • Independent of the size of the system.
      • Examples: temperature, pressure, density.
      • Not additive.
      • Value remains the same whether considering the whole system or a part of it.
    • Extensive Properties:
      • Dependent on the size or extent of the system.
      • Examples: mass, volume, total energy.
      • Additive.
      • Value for an overall system is the sum of its values for the parts into which the system is divided.

    Specific Properties

    • Specific Properties: Extensive properties per unit mass.
    • Specific Volume: The volume of a substance per unit mass.
    • Specific Energy: Energy per unit mass.
    • Specific Gravity (or Relative Density): Density of a substance with respect to a standard substance at a specified temperature.

    Continuum and State

    • Continuum: A continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes.
    • State: The condition of a system at any instant of time, described by its properties.
    • Equilibrium: A state of balance where there are no unbalanced potentials within the system.

    Processes and Path Functions

    • Process: A change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another.
    • Path Function: A quantity whose value depends on the path followed during a change of state.
    • Point Function: A quantity whose change is independent of the path.
    • Quasi-Equilibrium Process: A process that proceeds in such a way that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times.

    Temperature and Pressure

    • Temperature: A measure of hotness or coldness.
    • Pressure: Force exerted by a fluid per unit area.
    • Pressure Scales: Related to absolute temperature scales.
    • Kelvin Scale: Related to Celsius scale by T(K) = T(C) + 273.16.
    • Rankine Scale: Related to Fahrenheit scale by T(R) = T(F) + 459.67.

    Thermodynamic Equilibrium

    • Thermodynamic Equilibrium: A state where no changes in macroscopic properties are observed if the system is isolated from its surroundings.
    • Conditions for Equilibrium:
      • Thermal equilibrium (equality of temperature).
      • Mechanical equilibrium (equality of pressure).
      • Chemical equilibrium (equality of chemical potential).

    Reversible and Irreversible Processes

    • Reversible Process: A process that can be executed in either direction without producing any changes in the rest of the universe.
    • Irreversible Process: A process that cannot be restored to its initial state without producing changes in the rest of the universe.

    Work and Heat Transfer

    • Thermodynamic Work: Energy transfer that occurs when a system undergoes a change in volume or pressure.
    • Pressure-Volume Work (PV Work): Work done by or on a system at constant pressure.
    • Sign Convention: Work done by the system is positive, and work done on the system is negative.

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    Description

    Learn the basics of thermodynamics, the science of energy and its transformation, and its effects on physical properties of substances.

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