Questions and Answers
What is thermodynamics defined as?
What is the boundary of a thermodynamic system called?
Which type of system has a fixed amount of mass and no mass can cross its boundary?
What is an example of an open system?
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What is the macroscopic approach in thermodynamic studies?
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What is required to describe a thermodynamic system?
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What is the term for a region in space chosen for study?
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What type of approach is used in the study of classical thermodynamics?
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What can cross the boundary of a closed system?
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What is the term for the mass and region outside the system?
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What is the main assumption of the microscopic approach?
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Which of the following is an intensive property?
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What is the specific volume of a substance?
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What is the condition of a system at any instant of time called?
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What is a continuum?
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What is the state postulate used for?
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What is thermal equilibrium?
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Which of the following is an extensive property?
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What is a process in thermodynamics?
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What is the purpose of dividing a system into two equal parts with a partition?
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What is the characteristic feature of a quasi-static process?
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What is the result of an irreversible process?
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What is the unit of measurement for work in the International System of Units (SI)?
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What type of work involves energy transfer that occurs when a system undergoes a change in volume or pressure?
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What is the sign convention for work done by the system on the surroundings?
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What is the relationship between heat and work in the first law of thermodynamics?
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What is a characteristic of a reversible process?
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What is an example of a reversible process?
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What is the formula for calculating work in physics?
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What is chemical equilibrium related to?
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What is a quasi-equilibrium process?
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What is a point function?
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What is a cycle?
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What is the relation between the Kelvin scale and the Celsius scale?
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What is the unit of pressure in the SI system?
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What is the definition of absolute pressure?
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What is thermal equilibrium?
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What is mechanical equilibrium related to?
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What is a path function?
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What is the definition of thermodynamic equilibrium?
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Study Notes
Thermodynamics Introduction
- Thermodynamics is the science of energy and its transformation, and its effects on physical properties of substances.
- Deals with equilibrium and feasibility of a process.
- Involves the relationship between heat and work and properties of systems in equilibrium.
Thermodynamic System
- Defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
- The mass and region outside the system is called the surrounding.
- The boundary that separates the system from the surrounding can be real or imaginary.
Types of Systems
-
Closed System (Control Mass):
- Consists of a fixed amount of mass.
- No mass can cross its boundary or leave/enter.
- Energy in the form of heat or work can cross the boundary.
- Volume does not have to be fixed.
- Example: piston-cylinder device.
-
Open System (Control Volume):
- A properly selected region in space.
- Both mass and energy can cross the boundary.
- Boundary is called a control surface and can be real or imaginary.
- Example: compressor, turbine, nozzle.
Approaches to Thermodynamic Study
-
Macroscopic Approach:
- Considers a certain quantity of matter without considering molecular-level events.
- Requires simple mathematical formulae.
- Used in classical thermodynamics.
- Concerned with overall behavior of the system.
- Few properties are required to describe the system.
-
Microscopic Approach:
- Considers matter to be comprised of many tiny particles (molecules) that move randomly.
- Effects of molecular motion are considered.
- Requires advanced statistical and mathematical methods.
- Used in statistical thermodynamics.
- Requires knowledge of the structure of matter.
Properties of a System
- Property: Any characteristic of a system.
-
Intensive Properties:
- Independent of the size of the system.
- Examples: temperature, pressure, density.
- Not additive.
- Value remains the same whether considering the whole system or a part of it.
-
Extensive Properties:
- Dependent on the size or extent of the system.
- Examples: mass, volume, total energy.
- Additive.
- Value for an overall system is the sum of its values for the parts into which the system is divided.
Specific Properties
- Specific Properties: Extensive properties per unit mass.
- Specific Volume: The volume of a substance per unit mass.
- Specific Energy: Energy per unit mass.
- Specific Gravity (or Relative Density): Density of a substance with respect to a standard substance at a specified temperature.
Continuum and State
- Continuum: A continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes.
- State: The condition of a system at any instant of time, described by its properties.
- Equilibrium: A state of balance where there are no unbalanced potentials within the system.
Processes and Path Functions
- Process: A change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another.
- Path Function: A quantity whose value depends on the path followed during a change of state.
- Point Function: A quantity whose change is independent of the path.
- Quasi-Equilibrium Process: A process that proceeds in such a way that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times.
Temperature and Pressure
- Temperature: A measure of hotness or coldness.
- Pressure: Force exerted by a fluid per unit area.
- Pressure Scales: Related to absolute temperature scales.
- Kelvin Scale: Related to Celsius scale by T(K) = T(C) + 273.16.
- Rankine Scale: Related to Fahrenheit scale by T(R) = T(F) + 459.67.
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium: A state where no changes in macroscopic properties are observed if the system is isolated from its surroundings.
-
Conditions for Equilibrium:
- Thermal equilibrium (equality of temperature).
- Mechanical equilibrium (equality of pressure).
- Chemical equilibrium (equality of chemical potential).
Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- Reversible Process: A process that can be executed in either direction without producing any changes in the rest of the universe.
- Irreversible Process: A process that cannot be restored to its initial state without producing changes in the rest of the universe.
Work and Heat Transfer
- Thermodynamic Work: Energy transfer that occurs when a system undergoes a change in volume or pressure.
- Pressure-Volume Work (PV Work): Work done by or on a system at constant pressure.
- Sign Convention: Work done by the system is positive, and work done on the system is negative.
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Description
Learn the basics of thermodynamics, the science of energy and its transformation, and its effects on physical properties of substances.