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What is thermal energy?
What is thermal energy?
Thermal energy is a form of energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules and is related to temperature.
What is the relationship between thermal energy and temperature?
What is the relationship between thermal energy and temperature?
Thermal energy is directly proportional to temperature.
What is meant by specific heat at constant volume?
What is meant by specific heat at constant volume?
Specific heat at constant volume (Cv) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius while keeping the volume constant.
What is meant by specific heat at constant pressure?
What is meant by specific heat at constant pressure?
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What is enthalpy?
What is enthalpy?
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What is the relationship between enthalpy and internal energy?
What is the relationship between enthalpy and internal energy?
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Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the change in internal energy?
Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the change in internal energy?
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Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the change in enthalpy?
Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the change in enthalpy?
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What is the heat capacity relation for EOS substances undergoing single-phase processes?
What is the heat capacity relation for EOS substances undergoing single-phase processes?
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How can we determine other final properties of a system using tables or EOS?
How can we determine other final properties of a system using tables or EOS?
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What is the main type of energy involved in thermal energy?
What is the main type of energy involved in thermal energy?
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What is the specific heat at constant volume (Cv) often used in calculations involving?
What is the specific heat at constant volume (Cv) often used in calculations involving?
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What is Specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) often used in calculations involving?
What is Specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) often used in calculations involving?
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Enthalpy is the sum of internal energy and the product of pressure and volume.
Enthalpy is the sum of internal energy and the product of pressure and volume.
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Which of the following energy types is associated with the internal interactions of atoms?
Which of the following energy types is associated with the internal interactions of atoms?
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Thermal energy is a type of potential energy.
Thermal energy is a type of potential energy.
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What is the relationship between specific heat and heat capacity?
What is the relationship between specific heat and heat capacity?
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What is the difference between true ΔU and approximate ΔU?
What is the difference between true ΔU and approximate ΔU?
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When can we use the heat capacity relation du = cvdT?
When can we use the heat capacity relation du = cvdT?
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What is the relationship between Cp and Cv for ideal gases?
What is the relationship between Cp and Cv for ideal gases?
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What is the specific heat ratio (gamma) for ideal gases?
What is the specific heat ratio (gamma) for ideal gases?
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What is the specific heat ratio (gamma) also known as?
What is the specific heat ratio (gamma) also known as?
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What is the assumption about incompressible substances?
What is the assumption about incompressible substances?
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For truly incompressible substances, Cp = Cv = C.
For truly incompressible substances, Cp = Cv = C.
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How does the specific heat of an incompressible substance vary with temperature?
How does the specific heat of an incompressible substance vary with temperature?
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In the context of incompressible substances, what does the equation du = dh = cdT signify?
In the context of incompressible substances, what does the equation du = dh = cdT signify?
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Water is considered an incompressible substance.
Water is considered an incompressible substance.
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What is the specific heat of water?
What is the specific heat of water?
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How can we use tables and average specific heat methods to determine the temperature and volume of a system?
How can we use tables and average specific heat methods to determine the temperature and volume of a system?
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What is the importance of a property table in solving process problems?
What is the importance of a property table in solving process problems?
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What is the purpose of sketching a system and showing energy interactions?
What is the purpose of sketching a system and showing energy interactions?
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What is the first law of thermodynamics used to determine?
What is the first law of thermodynamics used to determine?
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What is the importance of considering the type of substance and process when determining work?
What is the importance of considering the type of substance and process when determining work?
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Incompressible substances can always be assumed to behave like ideal gases.
Incompressible substances can always be assumed to behave like ideal gases.
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What is the main source of heat energy in the examples involving ideal gases?
What is the main source of heat energy in the examples involving ideal gases?
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What is an isothermal process?
What is an isothermal process?
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What is meant by the expansion of a gas and how does it relate to work?
What is meant by the expansion of a gas and how does it relate to work?
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What is the relationship between the change in internal energy and the work done by an ideal gas?
What is the relationship between the change in internal energy and the work done by an ideal gas?
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What is Joule's experiment and how does it relate to the specific heat of water?
What is Joule's experiment and how does it relate to the specific heat of water?
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What is the main principle behind the example involving the melting of ice in a picnic?
What is the main principle behind the example involving the melting of ice in a picnic?
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What is the importance of knowing the specific heat of the malta drinks?
What is the importance of knowing the specific heat of the malta drinks?
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In the context of the example involving melting ice, what happens to the heat that melts the ice?
In the context of the example involving melting ice, what happens to the heat that melts the ice?
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Study Notes
Thermodynamics I - Unit 7: The 1st Law and Thermal Energy in Closed Systems
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Objectives:
- Define thermal energy and its relationship to temperature.
- Differentiate between specific heat at constant volume and constant pressure.
- Define enthalpy and its relationship to internal energy.
- Calculate internal energy and enthalpy changes for various substances (ideal gases, solids, liquids).
- Utilize specific heat information for 1st Law analyses of various substances.
Approach to Solving Process Problems
- Sketch the system and energy interactions across boundaries.
- Create a property table for important properties.
- Identify initial state properties (Units 2-4) and enter known values.
- Determine other initial properties using tables or equations of state (EOS) (Units 2-4) and enter values.
- Perform energy analysis (Units 5-7), applying the 1st law to determine work, heat, and other final properties, where appropriate. This may involve determining work using appropriate equations for different substances and processes, and heat capacity relations for equation of state (EOS) substances during single-phase process.
- Determine other final properties using tables or EOS.
Internal Energy in Single-Phase Processes
- Internal energy consists of potential and kinetic energy.
- Potential energy: energy related to molecular interactions.
- Kinetic energy: energy due to molecular motion (translation, rotation, vibration).
- Thermal Energy: Energy manifested in temperature changes.
- EOS (Equation of State) Processes: Internal energy and temperature are related.
Thermal Energy in a Gas
- Systems with identical molecular speeds, identical numbers of molecules, but differing volume, have the same micro-kinetic energy therefore having the same temperature. However, the system with less volume has a higher pressure.
Internal Energy in Single-Phase Processes - Conclusion
- Internal energy is related to temperature, not pressure or volume (a good approximation).
- Heat capacity relates how temperature affects internal energy.
- At high pressures/small volumes, latent energy (energy associated with phase changes) becomes significant.
Measuring Specific Heat Capacity
- Constant Volume (cv): Heat substance in a rigid container, ΔU = Q or Q = ΔU.
- Constant Pressure (cp): Heat substance in a piston-cylinder device, ΔU = Q - W or Q = ΔU + PΔV = ΔH.
- Specific formulas for calculating both are presented in the slides.
Specific Heat Capacity
- Constant Volume: The energy required for a unit mass substance increase by one degree while the volume is held constant. This is a change in internal energy per unit change in temperature at constant volume.
- Constant Pressure: The energy required for a unit mass substance increase by one degree while the pressure is held constant. This is a change in enthalpy per unit change in temperature at constant pressure.
Specific Heat Capacity - Single-Phase Processes
- For single-phase processes, the change in internal energy(Δu) is significantly approximated by using the average heat capacity and change in temperature.
Finding Δu Using cv
- When a substance is tabulated, its internal energy at different conditions (u1 and u2) can be directly read from the table.
- For an equation of state (EOS) defined substance, Δu= ∫ cv dT (over a given temperature range).
- If cv(T) is tabulated, it's approximated based on its average over the specified temperature range.
Ideal Gas: Energy Analysis
- For ideal gases, cp - cv = R and cp/cv = k = γ.
- Specific values for air at 300 K are presented. Note that for air, constant heat capacities are assumed when not stated otherwise.
Incompressible Substances
- Liquids and solids behave like incompressible substances.
- For truly incompressible substances, cp = cv.
- Even for incompressible substances, cv can vary with temperature.
- Specific values for iron at 25°C are provided.
- For water, cv = 4.182 kJ/kg⋅K.
Example Problems (E.g. 1, 2, 3)
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Illustrate the application of the above concepts to solve for unknown variables such as pressure, temperature, volume, work, or heat transfer in thermodynamic processes.
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E.g. 1: Ideal Gas Energy Analysis.
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E.g. 2: Ideal Gas Energy Analysis in a different context.
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E.g. 3: Real Steam Energy Analysis.
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E.g. 4: Ideal Gas Energy Analysis.
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E.g. 5: Isothermal Expansion for Ideal Gas.
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E.g. 6: Incompressible Substance (e.g., cooling a beverage with ice).
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Description
Test your understanding of the First Law of Thermodynamics and thermal energy in closed systems. This quiz covers key concepts such as specific heat, enthalpy, and internal energy changes. Prepare to apply your knowledge in solving process problems related to various substances.