16 Questions
The branch of thermodynamics that deals with the study of processes in which chemical energy is involved is called chemical ______.
thermodynamics
In thermodynamics, the remaining part of the universe other than the system is called the ______.
surroundings
The laws of thermodynamics are based on experimental facts but not on ______ facts.
theoretical
A system where neither matter nor energy is exchanged with the surroundings is called an ______ system.
isolated
The thermodynamic properties whose values depend only upon the initial and final states of the system and are independent of the path are called state ______.
functions
The subject dealing with the quantitative relation between heat energy and other forms of energy in physico-chemical processes is called ______.
thermodynamics
A boundary that separates the system and surroundings and can be either real or imaginary, rigid or non-rigid is called ______.
boundary
The system is said to be in a certain state when its macroscopic properties have definite values, and these properties are referred to as state ______.
variables
The branch of thermodynamics which deals with the study of processes in which chemical energy is involved is called chemical ______.
thermodynamics
The system where only the ______ but not the matter is exchanged with the surroundings is called a closed system.
energy
The system does not exchange either matter or energy with the ______ in an isolated system.
surroundings
The system and surroundings are separated by a real or imaginary, rigid or non-rigid ______.
boundary
The term used for any part of the universe that is under thermodynamic study is known as the ______.
system
If any one of the state functions is changed, the ______ of that system is said to be changed.
state
When the boundary is not sealed and not insulated, the system is considered as an ______ system.
open
The study of quantitative relation between heat energy and other forms of energy in physico-chemical processes is called ______.
thermodynamics
Study Notes
Introduction and Concepts
- Thermodynamics deals with the quantitative relation between heat energy and other forms of energy in physico-chemical processes.
- Chemical thermodynamics involves the study of processes with chemical energy involvement.
Laws of Thermodynamics
- There are four laws of thermodynamics: Zero, First, Second, and Third laws.
- These laws are based on experimental facts, not theoretical facts.
- Thermodynamics predicts energy transformations and feasibility of a process.
- Thermodynamics deals with heat changes between the system and surroundings.
Limitations of Thermodynamics
- Laws of thermodynamics do not provide information about process rates.
- They fail to explain systems away from equilibrium.
Key Terms
- System: Any part of the universe under thermodynamic study, e.g., a crystal, physical process, or chemical reaction.
- Surroundings: The remaining part of the universe, excluding the system, i.e., Universe = System + Surroundings.
- Boundary: A real or imaginary surface separating the system and surroundings.
Types of Systems
- Open System: Exchanges matter and energy with surroundings, e.g., living beings, open vessel reactants.
- Closed System: Exchanges only energy, not matter, with surroundings, e.g., closed steel container with hot water.
- Isolated System: Does not exchange matter or energy with surroundings, e.g., perfectly insulated, closed flask containing water.
State of a System
- A system is in a certain state when its macroscopic properties have definite values.
- State is defined by state functions, such as P, V, T, etc.
- Changing any state function changes the system's state, e.g., H2O properties at different temperatures and pressures.
State Functions or State Variables
- Thermodynamic properties depending only on initial and final system states, independent of the path, e.g., internal energy (E), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), Gibb's energy (G), pressure (P), temperature (T), volume (V), and number of moles.
Introduction and Concepts
- Thermodynamics deals with the quantitative relation between heat energy and other forms of energy in physico-chemical processes.
- Chemical thermodynamics involves the study of processes with chemical energy involvement.
Laws of Thermodynamics
- There are four laws of thermodynamics: Zero, First, Second, and Third laws.
- These laws are based on experimental facts, not theoretical facts.
- Thermodynamics predicts energy transformations and feasibility of a process.
- Thermodynamics deals with heat changes between the system and surroundings.
Limitations of Thermodynamics
- Laws of thermodynamics do not provide information about process rates.
- They fail to explain systems away from equilibrium.
Key Terms
- System: Any part of the universe under thermodynamic study, e.g., a crystal, physical process, or chemical reaction.
- Surroundings: The remaining part of the universe, excluding the system, i.e., Universe = System + Surroundings.
- Boundary: A real or imaginary surface separating the system and surroundings.
Types of Systems
- Open System: Exchanges matter and energy with surroundings, e.g., living beings, open vessel reactants.
- Closed System: Exchanges only energy, not matter, with surroundings, e.g., closed steel container with hot water.
- Isolated System: Does not exchange matter or energy with surroundings, e.g., perfectly insulated, closed flask containing water.
State of a System
- A system is in a certain state when its macroscopic properties have definite values.
- State is defined by state functions, such as P, V, T, etc.
- Changing any state function changes the system's state, e.g., H2O properties at different temperatures and pressures.
State Functions or State Variables
- Thermodynamic properties depending only on initial and final system states, independent of the path, e.g., internal energy (E), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), Gibb's energy (G), pressure (P), temperature (T), volume (V), and number of moles.
Thermodynamics is the study of the quantitative relation between heat energy and other forms of energy in physico-chemical processes. It also includes chemical thermodynamics, which involves the study of processes with chemical energy and is governed by four laws.
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