Thermodynamics Equations and Concepts

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Define isoelectronic species.

Species having the same number of electrons.

Define Enthalpy (H) and provide its mathematical expression.

H = U + PV

Explain ionization enthalpy and its periodic trend.

Ionization enthalpy is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from an atom. It increases across a period and decreases down a group due to size decrease and effective nuclear charge increase.

What is ionization energy?

Ionization energy is the minimum energy needed to remove an electron from an atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relation between Cp and Cv in thermodynamics?

Cp - Cv = R Signup and view all the answers

How does the ionization energy change across a period?

Ionization energy increases across a period. Signup and view all the answers

State the second law of thermodynamics.

The entropy of the universe increases in every spontaneous process. Signup and view all the answers

What is a spontaneous process in thermodynamics and what is the condition for it?

A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally. If ΔG is negative, the process is spontaneous. Signup and view all the answers

How does the ionization energy change down a group?

Ionization energy decreases down a group. Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of species with 10 electrons.

F–, O2–, Na+, and Mg2+. Signup and view all the answers

What is electron gain enthalpy?

The energy released when an electron is added to a gaseous neutral atom. Signup and view all the answers

How does electron gain enthalpy vary in the periodic table?

Along a period, electron gain enthalpy increases or becomes more negative. Signup and view all the answers

Why is fluorine's electron gain enthalpy more negative than that of chlorine?

Fluorine is smaller than chlorine and has a higher effective nuclear charge. Signup and view all the answers

Why is a cation smaller than its parent atom?

A cation is smaller due to a higher effective nuclear charge. Signup and view all the answers

What factors affect electron gain enthalpy and ionization energy?

<ol> <li>Atomic size, 2. Nuclear charge</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between electron-electron repulsion and electron gain enthalpy in fluorine.

Electron-electron repulsion in fluorine results in a decrease in electron gain enthalpy. Signup and view all the answers

What is Le Chatelier's principle?

Le Chatelier's principle states that if a system in equilibrium is subjected to a change of concentration, temperature, or pressure, the system adjusts itself to cancel the effect of that change. Signup and view all the answers

What are the conditions to increase the concentration of products in a system at equilibrium?

Increase the concentration of reactants, increase the pressure, use an optimum temperature, or introduce a catalyst. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the effect of adding a catalyst in a system at equilibrium.

A catalyst has no effect on the equilibrium constant. It accelerates both the forward and backward reactions, helping the system reach equilibrium more rapidly. Signup and view all the answers

Define the Arrhenius concept of acids and bases.

Acid is a substance that can donate H+ ions, and base is a substance that can donate OH- ions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major concept of acids according to the Arrhenius concept?

Acids donate H+ ions. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the major concept of bases according to the Arrhenius concept.

Bases donate OH- ions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Bronsted-Lowry concept of acids?

Acids donate H+ ions. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Bronsted-Lowry concept of bases.

Bases accept H+ ions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between the Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry concepts of acids and bases?

Arrhenius focuses on ions donation (H+ and OH-), while Bronsted-Lowry focuses on proton donation and acceptance (H+). Signup and view all the answers