Thermodynamics Equations and Concepts

Species having the same number of electrons.

H = U + PV

Ionization enthalpy is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from an atom. It increases across a period and decreases down a group due to size decrease and effective nuclear charge increase.

<p>Ionization energy is the minimum energy needed to remove an electron from an atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cp - Cv = R</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionization energy increases across a period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The entropy of the universe increases in every spontaneous process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally. If ΔG is negative, the process is spontaneous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionization energy decreases down a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>F–, O2–, Na+, and Mg2+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The energy released when an electron is added to a gaseous neutral atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Along a period, electron gain enthalpy increases or becomes more negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluorine is smaller than chlorine and has a higher effective nuclear charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cation is smaller due to a higher effective nuclear charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Atomic size, 2. Nuclear charge</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electron-electron repulsion in fluorine results in a decrease in electron gain enthalpy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Le Chatelier's principle states that if a system in equilibrium is subjected to a change of concentration, temperature, or pressure, the system adjusts itself to cancel the effect of that change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase the concentration of reactants, increase the pressure, use an optimum temperature, or introduce a catalyst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A catalyst has no effect on the equilibrium constant. It accelerates both the forward and backward reactions, helping the system reach equilibrium more rapidly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acid is a substance that can donate H+ ions, and base is a substance that can donate OH- ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acids donate H+ ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bases donate OH- ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acids donate H+ ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bases accept H+ ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arrhenius focuses on ions donation (H+ and OH-), while Bronsted-Lowry focuses on proton donation and acceptance (H+).</p> Signup and view all the answers