Thermodynamics Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of macroscopic thermodynamics?

  • The effects of the action of many molecules (correct)
  • The behavior of individual molecules
  • The thermal energy of a single body
  • The nature of matter

    • What is true about microscopic observations?

  • They are completely independent of the assumptions regarding the nature of matter
  • They are only concerned with the effects of a single molecule
  • They are completely dependent on the assumptions regarding the nature of matter (correct)
  • They are only concerned with the thermal energy of a single body

    • What is an example of a macroscopic observation?

  • A single atom in a solid
  • A moving car (correct)
  • A molecule in a liquid
  • An individual molecule in air

    • What is the condition for two bodies to be in thermal equilibrium?

    <p>They have the same temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two bodies are not in thermal equilibrium?

    <p>There is a net exchange of thermal energy between them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between macroscopic and microscopic thermodynamics?

    <p>The observability of the effects by human senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of two systems being in thermal equilibrium?

    <p>There is no net flow of heat energy between them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the zeroth law of thermodynamics?

    <p>If two systems are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a thermometer?

    <p>A device that measures temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a thermometric property?

    <p>Any physical property that changes with temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of the study of thermodynamics?

    <p>The ways energy is stored within a body and how energy transformations occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a thermometric substance?

    <p>A substance with any thermometric property</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the term 'thermodynamics'?

    <p>From the Greek words 'Therm' meaning heat and 'Dynamics' meaning power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the choice of thermometric property/substance depend on the range of temperature to be measured?

    <p>Because the property/substance is not suitable for the range of temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental principle of the conservation of energy?

    <p>Energy can change from one form to another but the total amount remains constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a system in thermodynamics?

    <p>The region within the arbitrary boundary and on which the attention is focused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of surroundings in thermodynamics?

    <p>A mass or region outside the system that has a direct bearing on the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is energy in the context of thermodynamics?

    <p>The ability to cause changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used in meteorological thermometers instead of mercury in some cases?

    <p>Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the freezing point of water in the Celsius scale?

    <p>0 oC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boiling point of water in the Celsius scale?

    <p>100 oC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard fixed point adopted in the Kelvin scale?

    <p>Triple point of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature at the triple point of water in the Kelvin scale?

    <p>273.16 K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with setting up the Celsius scale?

    <p>Anders Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature of the triple point of pure water in Celsius?

    <p>0.01°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit?

    <p>F = C(9/5) + 32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature of the freezing point of water in Fahrenheit?

    <p>32°F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to convert Kelvin to Celsius?

    <p>C = K - 273.15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure of the triple point of pure water?

    <p>4.5888 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Rankine scale used in?

    <p>Engineering and industry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Thermodynamics

    • Study of thermodynamics deals with energy storage within a body and energy transformations involving heat and work.
    • Aspects of thermodynamics include energy, energy transformation, power generation, refrigeration, and relationships among properties of matter.

    Macroscopic and Microscopic Thermodynamics

    • Macroscopic thermodynamics (classical approach) studies the behavior of a large number of particles, independent of individual molecule behavior.
    • Microscopic thermodynamics (statistical approach) studies the average behavior of individual particles, dependent on assumptions about the nature of matter.

    Thermal Equilibrium

    • Two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if they have the same temperature, with no net exchange of thermal energy.
    • The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two systems are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

    Thermometers

    • A thermometer is an instrument that measures temperature, which is a physical property that changes with temperature.
    • Thermometric properties include expansion, electrical resistance, pressure, and volume changes.
    • Thermometric substances are materials with thermometric properties.

    Temperature Scales

    • Celsius scale: 0°C (freezing point of water) and 100°C (boiling point of water).
    • Kelvin scale: based on absolute zero, with degrees equal in size to Celsius degrees.
    • Fahrenheit scale: 32°F (freezing point of water) and 212°F (boiling point of water).
    • Rankine scale: used in engineering and industry, with degrees equal in size to Fahrenheit degrees.

    Temperature Conversion Formulas

    • Celsius to Kelvin: K = C + 273.15
    • Kelvin to Celsius: C = K - 273.15
    • Fahrenheit to Celsius: C = (F-32) × 5/9
    • Celsius to Fahrenheit: F = C × 9/5 + 32
    • Fahrenheit to Kelvin: K = (F-32) × 5/9 + 273.15
    • Kelvin to Fahrenheit: F = (K-273.15) × 9/5 + 32

    Triple Point

    • The triple point of water is the state where ice, liquid water, and water vapor coexist in dynamic equilibrium.
    • The triple point of pure water is at 0.01°C (273.16 K), 32.01°F (0.01°C), and 4.5888 mmHg (611.29 Pa) of mercury.

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