Thermodynamics Basics

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Questions and Answers

What is the unit of temperature at which absolute zero is defined?

  • Rankine (°R)
  • Celsius (°C)
  • Kelvin (K) (correct)
  • Fahrenheit (°F)

Which of the following statements is true about Charles's law?

  • It applies to all ideal gases
  • It applies to gases at constant temperature
  • It applies to gases at constant volume
  • It applies to gases at constant pressure (correct)

What is the characteristic of specific thermal energy?

  • It is a thermodynamic property
  • It is an extensive property
  • It is an intensive property (correct)
  • It is a function of temperature and pressure

Which of the following processes involves no heat transfer?

<p>Adiabatic process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expression for specific enthalpy?

<p>h = u + Pv (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about a Carnot engine?

<p>Its efficiency depends on the temperatures of the thermal reservoirs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates a system from its surroundings?

<p>A boundary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of independent intensive properties required to define the state of a pure substance?

<p>Two (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about thermal energy is true?

<p>Thermal energy involves molecular motion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature of absolute zero in degrees Celsius?

<p>-273.15 °C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a closed system?

<p>It cannot exchange mass with its surroundings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of all real processes?

<p>Irreversible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Thermodynamic Processes

  • A process is a change from one thermodynamic state to another, defined by parameters like pressure and temperature.
  • A thermodynamic state is characterized by independent intensive properties, with two defining the state of a pure substance.

System Boundaries

  • The boundary of a system separates it from the surroundings.

Control Volumes and Masses

  • A closed system does not exchange mass with its surroundings, whereas a control volume can.
  • A control surface can be permeable or impermeable.
  • A closed system and control mass are synonymous.

Thermodynamic Properties

  • For a pure substance, two independent intensive properties define the state.
  • In a given state, all intensive properties have a definite value.
  • Thermal energy involves molecular motion and flows from a hotter object to a cooler one.
  • Thermal equilibrium means no net thermal energy flow.

Temperature and Energy

  • Absolute zero is 0 K, equivalent to -273.15 °C.
  • Thermal internal energy is an extensive property, while specific thermal energy is an intensive property.

Gas Laws

  • Gas pressure is caused by molecules impacting the walls of their container.
  • Charles's law applies to gases at constant temperature, while Boyle's law applies at constant pressure.

Processes and Properties

  • An isobaric process occurs at constant pressure.
  • A polytropic process includes several types of gas processes as special cases.
  • Enthalpy includes internal energy and the product of pressure and volume, and can be greater than internal energy.
  • Specific enthalpy is given by h = u + P v.

Thermodynamic Efficiency

  • The efficiency of a Carnot engine depends only on the temperatures of the thermal reservoirs.
  • Energy and entropy are different properties and are not numerically equal.

Entropy

  • During any process, the total entropy of the universe increases (Second Law of Thermodynamics).
  • Irreversibilities usually lead to an increase in entropy.
  • A real process leads to an increase in the total entropy of the system and its surroundings.

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