Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the unit of temperature at which absolute zero is defined?
What is the unit of temperature at which absolute zero is defined?
- Rankine (°R)
- Celsius (°C)
- Kelvin (K) (correct)
- Fahrenheit (°F)
Which of the following statements is true about Charles's law?
Which of the following statements is true about Charles's law?
- It applies to all ideal gases
- It applies to gases at constant temperature
- It applies to gases at constant volume
- It applies to gases at constant pressure (correct)
What is the characteristic of specific thermal energy?
What is the characteristic of specific thermal energy?
- It is a thermodynamic property
- It is an extensive property
- It is an intensive property (correct)
- It is a function of temperature and pressure
Which of the following processes involves no heat transfer?
Which of the following processes involves no heat transfer?
What is the expression for specific enthalpy?
What is the expression for specific enthalpy?
Which of the following statements is true about a Carnot engine?
Which of the following statements is true about a Carnot engine?
What separates a system from its surroundings?
What separates a system from its surroundings?
What is the minimum number of independent intensive properties required to define the state of a pure substance?
What is the minimum number of independent intensive properties required to define the state of a pure substance?
Which of the following statements about thermal energy is true?
Which of the following statements about thermal energy is true?
What is the temperature of absolute zero in degrees Celsius?
What is the temperature of absolute zero in degrees Celsius?
What is the characteristic of a closed system?
What is the characteristic of a closed system?
What is the nature of all real processes?
What is the nature of all real processes?
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Study Notes
Thermodynamic Processes
- A process is a change from one thermodynamic state to another, defined by parameters like pressure and temperature.
- A thermodynamic state is characterized by independent intensive properties, with two defining the state of a pure substance.
System Boundaries
- The boundary of a system separates it from the surroundings.
Control Volumes and Masses
- A closed system does not exchange mass with its surroundings, whereas a control volume can.
- A control surface can be permeable or impermeable.
- A closed system and control mass are synonymous.
Thermodynamic Properties
- For a pure substance, two independent intensive properties define the state.
- In a given state, all intensive properties have a definite value.
- Thermal energy involves molecular motion and flows from a hotter object to a cooler one.
- Thermal equilibrium means no net thermal energy flow.
Temperature and Energy
- Absolute zero is 0 K, equivalent to -273.15 °C.
- Thermal internal energy is an extensive property, while specific thermal energy is an intensive property.
Gas Laws
- Gas pressure is caused by molecules impacting the walls of their container.
- Charles's law applies to gases at constant temperature, while Boyle's law applies at constant pressure.
Processes and Properties
- An isobaric process occurs at constant pressure.
- A polytropic process includes several types of gas processes as special cases.
- Enthalpy includes internal energy and the product of pressure and volume, and can be greater than internal energy.
- Specific enthalpy is given by h = u + P v.
Thermodynamic Efficiency
- The efficiency of a Carnot engine depends only on the temperatures of the thermal reservoirs.
- Energy and entropy are different properties and are not numerically equal.
Entropy
- During any process, the total entropy of the universe increases (Second Law of Thermodynamics).
- Irreversibilities usually lead to an increase in entropy.
- A real process leads to an increase in the total entropy of the system and its surroundings.
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