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A system is a portion of the universe that one wishes to study, and the region all about the system is called the ______.
A system is a portion of the universe that one wishes to study, and the region all about the system is called the ______.
surroundings
In thermodynamics, the principal mode of analysis is based on the ______ of the system under study.
In thermodynamics, the principal mode of analysis is based on the ______ of the system under study.
mass-energy balance
A closed system allows the exchange of energy but not ______ with the surroundings.
A closed system allows the exchange of energy but not ______ with the surroundings.
matter
An example of a closed system is an ideal gas contained within a cylinder with a movable ______.
An example of a closed system is an ideal gas contained within a cylinder with a movable ______.
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An open system is characterized by the flow of ______ across its boundaries.
An open system is characterized by the flow of ______ across its boundaries.
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The volume encompassed by the control surface in an open system is referred to as the control ______.
The volume encompassed by the control surface in an open system is referred to as the control ______.
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A completely impervious system that does not allow mass or energy to cross is called an ______ system.
A completely impervious system that does not allow mass or energy to cross is called an ______ system.
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The average molecular velocity and kinetic energy do not change during _____ collisions.
The average molecular velocity and kinetic energy do not change during _____ collisions.
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A cubic inch of atmosphere contains approximately _____ molecules.
A cubic inch of atmosphere contains approximately _____ molecules.
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At an altitude of 30 mi, the mean free path (MFP) of a molecule is about _____ inches.
At an altitude of 30 mi, the mean free path (MFP) of a molecule is about _____ inches.
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The root mean square of the mean square molecular speed is referred to as _____.
The root mean square of the mean square molecular speed is referred to as _____.
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A standard reference atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg or _____ in.Hg at 32°F.
A standard reference atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg or _____ in.Hg at 32°F.
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The SI unit of length is called the ______.
The SI unit of length is called the ______.
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The symbol for kilogram, a unit of ______, is kg.
The symbol for kilogram, a unit of ______, is kg.
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The SI unit for time is referred to as the ______.
The SI unit for time is referred to as the ______.
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The derived unit for speed is expressed as ______ per second.
The derived unit for speed is expressed as ______ per second.
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Force is measured in newtons, which can be expressed as ______ kg/s².
Force is measured in newtons, which can be expressed as ______ kg/s².
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The SI unit for electric current is the ______.
The SI unit for electric current is the ______.
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Pressure is measured in pascals, which are defined as kg/(m·s²) or ______.
Pressure is measured in pascals, which are defined as kg/(m·s²) or ______.
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The unit for energy is called the ______.
The unit for energy is called the ______.
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Luminous intensity is measured in ______ which has the symbol cd.
Luminous intensity is measured in ______ which has the symbol cd.
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The SI derived unit for capacitance is called the ______.
The SI derived unit for capacitance is called the ______.
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Macroscopic properties include pressure, temperature, density, and specific ______.
Macroscopic properties include pressure, temperature, density, and specific ______.
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Intensive properties are ______ of the mass.
Intensive properties are ______ of the mass.
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Extensive properties are ______ upon the mass of the system.
Extensive properties are ______ upon the mass of the system.
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Total volume is an ______ property.
Total volume is an ______ property.
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Temperature and pressure are inherently ______ properties.
Temperature and pressure are inherently ______ properties.
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Thermodynamic properties include internal energy, enthalpy, and ______.
Thermodynamic properties include internal energy, enthalpy, and ______.
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Density is the ______ of the specific volume.
Density is the ______ of the specific volume.
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During boiling or freezing, the pressure and ______ of the two-phase mixture are interdependent.
During boiling or freezing, the pressure and ______ of the two-phase mixture are interdependent.
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The state of a pure substance is defined by particular values of any two independent ______.
The state of a pure substance is defined by particular values of any two independent ______.
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The force of gravity is represented by the equation F_g = mg/k, where g represents the blank produced by a gravitational field.
The force of gravity is represented by the equation F_g = mg/k, where g represents the blank produced by a gravitational field.
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For the force to be in pounds, the mass must be in blank when g is in feet per second per second.
For the force to be in pounds, the mass must be in blank when g is in feet per second per second.
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The combined weight of two masses is given in blank when gravitational acceleration is used.
The combined weight of two masses is given in blank when gravitational acceleration is used.
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Density is defined as mass per unit blank.
Density is defined as mass per unit blank.
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The average density can be expressed as average density = mass divided by blank.
The average density can be expressed as average density = mass divided by blank.
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Specific volume is defined as the volume of a unit mass and is the reciprocal of blank.
Specific volume is defined as the volume of a unit mass and is the reciprocal of blank.
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The specific weight of a substance is the force of gravity on unit blank.
The specific weight of a substance is the force of gravity on unit blank.
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If mass is measured in pounds and volume in cubic feet, the average density is expressed in blank per cubic foot.
If mass is measured in pounds and volume in cubic feet, the average density is expressed in blank per cubic foot.
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Homogeneous substances are characterized by a blank of matter involving a large number of molecules.
Homogeneous substances are characterized by a blank of matter involving a large number of molecules.
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Numerically, when on or near the surface of the Earth, g is approximately equal to blank.
Numerically, when on or near the surface of the Earth, g is approximately equal to blank.
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Study Notes
Basic Principles, Concepts, and Definitions
- Thermodynamics is like a journey, starting with fundamental principles, concepts, and definitions.
- Prior knowledge of physics, calculus, chemistry, and mechanics is assumed.
- Understanding basic principles, concepts, and definitions is crucial before further study.
- Different substances are handled thermodynamically, leading to specialized applications, like in engines and refrigerators.
- Working substances, typically fluids, are used in these devices; fluids readily adapt to the shape of their containers.
The Working Substance
- Engines and refrigerators use working substances where energy is stored or removed.
- Examples of working substances are steam, air, mixtures of air and fuel, and water.
- A substance is typically composed of molecules or, sometimes, atoms.
- A pure substance is homogeneous in composition and chemical aggregation, such as pure water in any form.
- Mixtures of substances, like air, are not pure substances.
The System
- A system is a portion of the universe, quantity of matter, or volume of space being studied.
- Boundaries define the system. They could be imaginary, fixed, or moving.
- The surroundings are the region outside the system.
- Closed systems don't exchange matter with the surroundings.
- Open systems allow matter exchange.
- Isolated systems don't exchange matter or energy.
Properties and State
- Properties describe the behavior of a system, or working substance.
- Properties are classified as intensive (independent of mass), such as temperature and pressure, and extensive (dependent on mass), such as total volume and internal energy.
- Specific properties are extensive properties divided by mass, and are intensive.
- The state of a substance is defined by its properties.
- Two independent properties define a substance's state.
- Relevant properties like velocity, acceleration, and conductivity define a system's state, too.
Systems of Units
- Newton's law of motion relates force, mass, and acceleration.
- Systems of units, such as cgs, mks, and fps, are used.
- The SI (International System of Units) is a common system.
- Base units (meter, kilogram, second, etc.), derived units (newton, pascal, etc.), and supplementary units (radian, steradian) are used in the SI system.
Acceleration, Mass, and Weight
- A unit acceleration is defined as the change in velocity per unit time.
- Mass is the amount of matter in a body; it remains constant.
- Weight is the force of gravity on a body, and it can vary depending on gravity.
Specific Volume and Density
- Density is mass per unit volume.
- Specific volume is the volume per unit mass.
Specific Weight
- Specific weight is the force of gravity per unit volume.
Pressure-Kinetic Theory
- Pressure is due to the molecules colliding with the walls of a container.
- The rate of change of momentum of the molecules striking the wall produces pressure.
Manometers
- Devices measuring pressure differences.
- They often use liquids (mercury, water) to measure pressure.
- Pressure readings are measured as the length of a specific liquid column.
Archimedes Principle
- An immersed body experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
Temperature
- Temperature is a measure of the microscopic kinetic energy in a body
- Various scales (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin) are used to measure temperature.
Conservation of Mass
- Mass is conserved in ordinary processes.
- Mass may be converted into energy in nuclear reactions.
Heat Reservoir
- A heat reservoir is essentially a source or sink of heat for other systems.
- It is assumed to have stable temperature and large enough to effect no significant change when heat flows through it.
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Description
This quiz covers the foundational principles, concepts, and definitions of thermodynamics. Aimed at students with prior knowledge in physics, calculus, and chemistry, it examines the characteristics of working substances and their applications in engines and refrigerators.
